{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TBX76ESBUMMF","short_pith_number":"pith:E7ELTB7A","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2502.14010","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-02-19T12:25:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"6125ae2097a108715a210b0f464e05254e4ae26eeb69d7d0d8791bac27ef3589","abstract_canon_sha256":"9176b9fc56ba79166fb6e8ed20d3eacc58e8877236c1947c87bba388a439a8de"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"27c8b987e02d7ee27661bffc49068c615c5bdf88ec1d205041e49fd7553a7e8b","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2502.14010","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2502.14010","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2502.14010v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.14010","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"E7ELTB7AFV7O","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TB","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"E7ELTB7A","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TBX76ESBUMMF","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2502.14010","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-02-19T12:25:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"6125ae2097a108715a210b0f464e05254e4ae26eeb69d7d0d8791bac27ef3589","abstract_canon_sha256":"9176b9fc56ba79166fb6e8ed20d3eacc58e8877236c1947c87bba388a439a8de"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"27c8b987e02d7ee27661bffc49068c615c5bdf88ec1d205041e49fd7553a7e8b","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34.114533Z","signature_b64":"xtsbmOcG/sG9zjiNE1lI3bNMox3S5J02lxEBL7XjkL5kz8x2k29FInm9XNWiKKbqTu7km20k96DfN4xNwGnxDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"27c8b987e02d7ee27661bffc49068c615c5bdf88ec1d205041e49fd7553a7e8b","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34.114031Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34.114031Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2502.14010","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"XZdC/s6fzMP9ldt22vPevHfQXG5GGYXZTCZ03eiB0UxiLiFttf8KBD9sh7S76DSr1NIWRhRoGK28Yo/CR08ACA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T12:23:45.222481Z"},"content_sha256":"673263234495d81adc27848e9fc052628f32a516d9266ec4856ac1251375e41f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:673263234495d81adc27848e9fc052628f32a516d9266ec4856ac1251375e41f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2025:E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TBX76ESBUMMF","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Which Attention Heads Matter for In-Context Learning?","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Jacob Steinhardt, Kayo Yin","submitted_at":"2025-02-19T12:25:02Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive in-context learning (ICL) capability, enabling them to perform new tasks using only a few demonstrations in the prompt. Two different mechanisms have been proposed to explain ICL: induction heads that find and copy relevant tokens, and function vector (FV) heads whose activations compute a latent encoding of the ICL task. To better understand which of the two distinct mechanisms drives ICL, we study and compare induction heads and FV heads in 12 language models.\n  Through detailed ablations, we discover that few-shot ICL performance depends prima"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2502.14010","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2502.14010/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"tqC42LBT+b3ifTlyG5yUhQ2O8dkg1+z+wi4RRCgIjxJuVaH4PIcGwEspg4MDv3jQZvWd7QA7hBmhyeI6EF+sDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T12:23:45.223007Z"},"content_sha256":"e3577c47df76a0bbd4c25c9766bb7adfe8ad3f77bfc3e8df051cb78ce8bba2fe","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e3577c47df76a0bbd4c25c9766bb7adfe8ad3f77bfc3e8df051cb78ce8bba2fe"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TBX76ESBUMMF/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TBX76ESBUMMF/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TBX76ESBUMMF/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-04T12:23:45Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TBX76ESBUMMF","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TBX76ESBUMMF/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TBX76ESBUMMF/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TBX76ESBUMMF/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TBX76ESBUMMF","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9176b9fc56ba79166fb6e8ed20d3eacc58e8877236c1947c87bba388a439a8de","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-02-19T12:25:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"6125ae2097a108715a210b0f464e05254e4ae26eeb69d7d0d8791bac27ef3589"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2502.14010","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2502.14010","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2502.14010v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2502.14010","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"E7ELTB7AFV7O","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"E7ELTB7AFV7OE5TB","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"E7ELTB7A","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e3577c47df76a0bbd4c25c9766bb7adfe8ad3f77bfc3e8df051cb78ce8bba2fe","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2502.14010/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive in-context learning (ICL) capability, enabling them to perform new tasks using only a few demonstrations in the prompt. Two different mechanisms have been proposed to explain ICL: induction heads that find and copy relevant tokens, and function vector (FV) heads whose activations compute a latent encoding of the ICL task. To better understand which of the two distinct mechanisms drives ICL, we study and compare induction heads and FV heads in 12 language models.\n  Through detailed ablations, we discover that few-shot ICL performance depends prima","authors_text":"Jacob Steinhardt, Kayo Yin","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-02-19T12:25:02Z","title":"Which Attention Heads Matter for In-Context Learning?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2502.14010","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:673263234495d81adc27848e9fc052628f32a516d9266ec4856ac1251375e41f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9176b9fc56ba79166fb6e8ed20d3eacc58e8877236c1947c87bba388a439a8de","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CL"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2025-02-19T12:25:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"6125ae2097a108715a210b0f464e05254e4ae26eeb69d7d0d8791bac27ef3589"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2502.14010","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"27c8b987e02d7ee27661bffc49068c615c5bdf88ec1d205041e49fd7553a7e8b","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"27c8b987e02d7ee27661bffc49068c615c5bdf88ec1d205041e49fd7553a7e8b","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34.114031Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34.114031Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"xtsbmOcG/sG9zjiNE1lI3bNMox3S5J02lxEBL7XjkL5kz8x2k29FInm9XNWiKKbqTu7km20k96DfN4xNwGnxDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:57:34.114533Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2502.14010","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:673263234495d81adc27848e9fc052628f32a516d9266ec4856ac1251375e41f","sha256:e3577c47df76a0bbd4c25c9766bb7adfe8ad3f77bfc3e8df051cb78ce8bba2fe"],"state_sha256":"fb311091e447f0d44687a58978ba4215579df132b0bd5aa65d49c3a4c5c9d125"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Zn5kAtbhq0fHk1SXuWjLZobGBMddTivGbneF7cjBmtZiIJOuJOpEq2ApyRG1u3w58H8ZLOlcKc8Ch+gCNibjAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T12:23:45.227263Z","bundle_sha256":"3f690eb1e09e44433da4945ba6920f842b56acc787ba249ed6619af4d2a84c3f"}}