{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRYEANR5KCISQ","short_pith_number":"pith:E7JWT7O6","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1912.01798","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-12-04T04:48:21Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"5929324d750f43d604b3c88304fba86ea417d17726dd6bcf5f75ad4a8103218d","abstract_canon_sha256":"f3d7af1aae5b84901c281f03f645f1936079e19811368b753d4c08a0a5198249"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"27d369fdde7143ac1638201b1ea848941eee9b3e924d7fe728e4dcba0ba8f76e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1912.01798","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1912.01798","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1912.01798v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1912.01798","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"E7JWT7O6OFB2","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRY","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"E7JWT7O6","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRYEANR5KCISQ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1912.01798","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-12-04T04:48:21Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"5929324d750f43d604b3c88304fba86ea417d17726dd6bcf5f75ad4a8103218d","abstract_canon_sha256":"f3d7af1aae5b84901c281f03f645f1936079e19811368b753d4c08a0a5198249"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"27d369fdde7143ac1638201b1ea848941eee9b3e924d7fe728e4dcba0ba8f76e","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49.363373Z","signature_b64":"9QcxqnMgW8l9jbb4BqB0a+muIPkZAXosJDe+j+afo9vcr9sx6PaZ1JDBnsRio/pdpo/TvhUBnj68QTTdRoXwAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"27d369fdde7143ac1638201b1ea848941eee9b3e924d7fe728e4dcba0ba8f76e","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49.362824Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49.362824Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1912.01798","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"65PchtRYn0hfTEQH5Dnp3QYG6CsnjIi8FxNYdIgrQ2KarF7VwV8ol219nXazGewAYjzpmLoy07cPp4e0tE/JDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T19:00:06.418122Z"},"content_sha256":"7c890cf81745b0856296a1f3a71be5dc67c814c5bfe79047afcb528543a26672","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7c890cf81745b0856296a1f3a71be5dc67c814c5bfe79047afcb528543a26672"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRYEANR5KCISQ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"SquirRL: Automating Attack Analysis on Blockchain Incentive Mechanisms with Deep Reinforcement Learning","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Ari Juels, Charlie Hou, Florian Tramer, Giulia Fanti, Mingxun Zhou, Phil Daian, Yan Ji","submitted_at":"2019-12-04T04:48:21Z","abstract_excerpt":"Incentive mechanisms are central to the functionality of permissionless blockchains: they incentivize participants to run and secure the underlying consensus protocol. Designing incentive-compatible incentive mechanisms is notoriously challenging, however. As a result, most public blockchains today use incentive mechanisms whose security properties are poorly understood and largely untested. In this work, we propose SquirRL, a framework for using deep reinforcement learning to analyze attacks on blockchain incentive mechanisms. We demonstrate SquirRL's power by first recovering known attacks: "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1912.01798","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1912.01798/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"5fa9lOiTRbhVYOUvCBVx0VieqsDzy7MhMR5eAIbatNbRrbZL+Wc1MzDXPCIkWj8IYcPz8mHN1XnsIRRfOcVkDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T19:00:06.418621Z"},"content_sha256":"dd3240f3dd3b78a835eaa7e47fa8b7ca473efadd4471a7e4bd8548456657c8be","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:dd3240f3dd3b78a835eaa7e47fa8b7ca473efadd4471a7e4bd8548456657c8be"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRYEANR5KCISQ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRYEANR5KCISQ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRYEANR5KCISQ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-03T19:00:06Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRYEANR5KCISQ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRYEANR5KCISQ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRYEANR5KCISQ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRYEANR5KCISQ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRYEANR5KCISQ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f3d7af1aae5b84901c281f03f645f1936079e19811368b753d4c08a0a5198249","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-12-04T04:48:21Z","title_canon_sha256":"5929324d750f43d604b3c88304fba86ea417d17726dd6bcf5f75ad4a8103218d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1912.01798","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1912.01798","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1912.01798v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1912.01798","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"E7JWT7O6OFB2","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"E7JWT7O6OFB2YFRY","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"E7JWT7O6","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:dd3240f3dd3b78a835eaa7e47fa8b7ca473efadd4471a7e4bd8548456657c8be","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1912.01798/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Incentive mechanisms are central to the functionality of permissionless blockchains: they incentivize participants to run and secure the underlying consensus protocol. Designing incentive-compatible incentive mechanisms is notoriously challenging, however. As a result, most public blockchains today use incentive mechanisms whose security properties are poorly understood and largely untested. In this work, we propose SquirRL, a framework for using deep reinforcement learning to analyze attacks on blockchain incentive mechanisms. We demonstrate SquirRL's power by first recovering known attacks: ","authors_text":"Ari Juels, Charlie Hou, Florian Tramer, Giulia Fanti, Mingxun Zhou, Phil Daian, Yan Ji","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-12-04T04:48:21Z","title":"SquirRL: Automating Attack Analysis on Blockchain Incentive Mechanisms with Deep Reinforcement Learning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1912.01798","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7c890cf81745b0856296a1f3a71be5dc67c814c5bfe79047afcb528543a26672","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f3d7af1aae5b84901c281f03f645f1936079e19811368b753d4c08a0a5198249","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-12-04T04:48:21Z","title_canon_sha256":"5929324d750f43d604b3c88304fba86ea417d17726dd6bcf5f75ad4a8103218d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1912.01798","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"27d369fdde7143ac1638201b1ea848941eee9b3e924d7fe728e4dcba0ba8f76e","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"27d369fdde7143ac1638201b1ea848941eee9b3e924d7fe728e4dcba0ba8f76e","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49.362824Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49.362824Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"9QcxqnMgW8l9jbb4BqB0a+muIPkZAXosJDe+j+afo9vcr9sx6PaZ1JDBnsRio/pdpo/TvhUBnj68QTTdRoXwAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:24:49.363373Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1912.01798","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7c890cf81745b0856296a1f3a71be5dc67c814c5bfe79047afcb528543a26672","sha256:dd3240f3dd3b78a835eaa7e47fa8b7ca473efadd4471a7e4bd8548456657c8be"],"state_sha256":"8286313a9e4223dfa9f7faec2b60aa5a9338545ed6a2ebb7154f73addf714ead"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"HPUoTZsila2Ph57f9OiUAOIl2NuH7G+5hxvUHSSRZYBEleAzF+/WJD3Ib6RhUYO0Cq35nLQP7p0nVhxTbJAVBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T19:00:06.421937Z","bundle_sha256":"80d7752ff07195b99fbb62ea658cae06bac827434cafd7a9dc95ed7bc36c5492"}}