{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:1998:EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4CV5QPXLPLLN","short_pith_number":"pith:EAXL4A4E","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"gr-qc/9808079","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"1998-08-28T15:42:14Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c8dc7bc8a858806abae729e289fce65455de6c59c615a59124f4a37e1a7cbc2f","abstract_canon_sha256":"d4a5fb7dee908962cd36e843a9cd029e5c98266f3aa5755872e680305e912ad9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"202ebe03844c53421b82af60fbadeb5b68d6bfc6cd399481589f917aebbfb4c8","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"gr-qc/9808079","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"gr-qc/9808079","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"gr-qc/9808079v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/9808079","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"EAXL4A4EJRJU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4C","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"EAXL4A4E","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:49Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:1998:EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4CV5QPXLPLLN","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"gr-qc/9808079","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"1998-08-28T15:42:14Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c8dc7bc8a858806abae729e289fce65455de6c59c615a59124f4a37e1a7cbc2f","abstract_canon_sha256":"d4a5fb7dee908962cd36e843a9cd029e5c98266f3aa5755872e680305e912ad9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"202ebe03844c53421b82af60fbadeb5b68d6bfc6cd399481589f917aebbfb4c8","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18.398176Z","signature_b64":"5hE8Sa2DEQNCqKIsV8Ojp8i1ify9TrZbyL33hDCS5km2D1E/tHN7bA3HFzI0i/FB4XOaRwtrqgQiyS3iXkD2DQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"202ebe03844c53421b82af60fbadeb5b68d6bfc6cd399481589f917aebbfb4c8","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18.397589Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18.397589Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"gr-qc/9808079","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"7VtbuHDikhuImJHQ1KaRty1gH/FJgf6cw6i0TIPv+Qx0Rl8LFAucT5E1BMTdD8iTox8qJMXFrjafxBVQiS/UDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T16:54:40.269467Z"},"content_sha256":"7316994e69a0345ced3fa95b3915eacaa90d147aeb79ccd58a0d9b5131d71862","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7316994e69a0345ced3fa95b3915eacaa90d147aeb79ccd58a0d9b5131d71862"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:1998:EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4CV5QPXLPLLN","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Large Scale Inhomogeneity Versus Source Evolution -- Can We Distinguish Them Observationally?","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"gr-qc","authors_text":"Charles Hellaby, G. F. R. Ellis (University of Cape Town), Nazeem Mustapha","submitted_at":"1998-08-28T15:42:14Z","abstract_excerpt":"We reconsider the issue of proving large scale spatial homogeneity of the universe, given isotropic observations about us and the possibility of source evolution both in numbers and luminosities. Two theorems make precise the freedom available in constructing cosmological models that will fit the observations. They make quite clear that homogeneity cannot be proven without either a fully determinate theory of source evolution, or availability of distance measures that are independent of source evolution. We contrast this goal with the standard approach that assumes spatial homogeneity a priori"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"gr-qc/9808079","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xKAur4HEqPiZs/9OzNSrJ6FVxRb24d2nBHx21U4DfPOigAvwescjHsDeiH/9Ob8XvFAnZsEeiFT5mtSU0eunCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T16:54:40.269938Z"},"content_sha256":"f1ce63432fb56227e6b93e804c07a3a311e0ddac386b2c870f979589ac92c825","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f1ce63432fb56227e6b93e804c07a3a311e0ddac386b2c870f979589ac92c825"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4CV5QPXLPLLN/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4CV5QPXLPLLN/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4CV5QPXLPLLN/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-15T16:54:40Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4CV5QPXLPLLN","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4CV5QPXLPLLN/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4CV5QPXLPLLN/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4CV5QPXLPLLN/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:1998:EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4CV5QPXLPLLN","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d4a5fb7dee908962cd36e843a9cd029e5c98266f3aa5755872e680305e912ad9","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"1998-08-28T15:42:14Z","title_canon_sha256":"c8dc7bc8a858806abae729e289fce65455de6c59c615a59124f4a37e1a7cbc2f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"gr-qc/9808079","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"gr-qc/9808079","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"gr-qc/9808079v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/9808079","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"EAXL4A4EJRJU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"EAXL4A4EJRJUEG4C","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:49Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"EAXL4A4E","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:49Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f1ce63432fb56227e6b93e804c07a3a311e0ddac386b2c870f979589ac92c825","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We reconsider the issue of proving large scale spatial homogeneity of the universe, given isotropic observations about us and the possibility of source evolution both in numbers and luminosities. Two theorems make precise the freedom available in constructing cosmological models that will fit the observations. They make quite clear that homogeneity cannot be proven without either a fully determinate theory of source evolution, or availability of distance measures that are independent of source evolution. We contrast this goal with the standard approach that assumes spatial homogeneity a priori","authors_text":"Charles Hellaby, G. F. R. Ellis (University of Cape Town), Nazeem Mustapha","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"1998-08-28T15:42:14Z","title":"Large Scale Inhomogeneity Versus Source Evolution -- Can We Distinguish Them Observationally?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"gr-qc/9808079","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7316994e69a0345ced3fa95b3915eacaa90d147aeb79ccd58a0d9b5131d71862","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d4a5fb7dee908962cd36e843a9cd029e5c98266f3aa5755872e680305e912ad9","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"1998-08-28T15:42:14Z","title_canon_sha256":"c8dc7bc8a858806abae729e289fce65455de6c59c615a59124f4a37e1a7cbc2f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"gr-qc/9808079","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"202ebe03844c53421b82af60fbadeb5b68d6bfc6cd399481589f917aebbfb4c8","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"202ebe03844c53421b82af60fbadeb5b68d6bfc6cd399481589f917aebbfb4c8","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18.397589Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18.397589Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"5hE8Sa2DEQNCqKIsV8Ojp8i1ify9TrZbyL33hDCS5km2D1E/tHN7bA3HFzI0i/FB4XOaRwtrqgQiyS3iXkD2DQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:39:18.398176Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"gr-qc/9808079","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7316994e69a0345ced3fa95b3915eacaa90d147aeb79ccd58a0d9b5131d71862","sha256:f1ce63432fb56227e6b93e804c07a3a311e0ddac386b2c870f979589ac92c825"],"state_sha256":"9dad28e0dc5f403786e1a5b4c78b7eeec5b4a9feb63fd4f0f21646e67c2d7f03"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hIRlPjn/pFXPD02IW/Z60Y24qebBnGye+HYUzwUN8NsmKSe5gkGd8YrqZPpz6Y9HStnolV2p20Lx/pTAvFJHAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T16:54:40.274384Z","bundle_sha256":"de8db87a05dc18b9a6d338a216503fe25d1e907c92750a2870302aa20b1ef272"}}