{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY5NRMST57TC","short_pith_number":"pith:ED226EXN","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1911.00337","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-10-30T19:18:14Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6c9b433e7828a6f9d1d376d013d08573b2aba5dde46692295bc7ccf8e08928de","abstract_canon_sha256":"e6c140b452a73c335f8ad0cec0459f5c9e144b42203827177678eae6a2579545"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"20f5af12ed30d3d58d18eb62c94fbf9881afce820c11ba278a9a2fab28eb1dfb","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1911.00337","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1911.00337","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1911.00337v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1911.00337","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ED226EXNGDJ5","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ED226EXN","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY5NRMST57TC","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1911.00337","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-10-30T19:18:14Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6c9b433e7828a6f9d1d376d013d08573b2aba5dde46692295bc7ccf8e08928de","abstract_canon_sha256":"e6c140b452a73c335f8ad0cec0459f5c9e144b42203827177678eae6a2579545"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"20f5af12ed30d3d58d18eb62c94fbf9881afce820c11ba278a9a2fab28eb1dfb","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29.873271Z","signature_b64":"JNCYkGiZoqhdaZZ1agqAITjiq138w2f//xcRpvbnftOtLTzlUn3S0HdgF1D3EdtAAkp4cvCnGqH35EvI69TaAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"20f5af12ed30d3d58d18eb62c94fbf9881afce820c11ba278a9a2fab28eb1dfb","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29.872714Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29.872714Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1911.00337","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vavQ8urWIdATizxFjk+tmfScX9AEpMoEDpP/ao0SSU8S1gcUrLRu34ncui/rwK5PAxJfdkQoQGDMhghlAB80Dg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T07:57:58.640757Z"},"content_sha256":"ac567a43c0bc7f6e078d479ff316b3c8eebb0d4fd902f8c9e8786b66c22b781a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ac567a43c0bc7f6e078d479ff316b3c8eebb0d4fd902f8c9e8786b66c22b781a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY5NRMST57TC","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Ensembling Strategies for Answering Natural Questions","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Anthony Ferritto, Avirup Sil, J. William Murdock, Lin Pan, Radu Florian, Rishav Chakravarti, Salim Roukos","submitted_at":"2019-10-30T19:18:14Z","abstract_excerpt":"Many of the top question answering systems today utilize ensembling to improve their performance on tasks such as the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) and Natural Questions (NQ) challenges. Unfortunately most of these systems do not publish their ensembling strategies used in their leaderboard submissions. In this work, we investigate a number of ensembling techniques and demonstrate a strategy which improves our F1 score for short answers on the dev set for NQ by 2.3 F1 points over our single model (which outperforms the previous SOTA by 1.9 F1 points)."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1911.00337","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1911.00337/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"uyUVCmvu7FYSttSdaibZ8EyBMmJ8p1zap3OcR5qzGD6J8c3I1CtEhEO+gkm4Qs1j5weZjOiCWpHKmTF2X5IeDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T07:57:58.641128Z"},"content_sha256":"0adc23c9554f99653f69e01c37306b586a414e6ca0c6d3f3b2779c02d8159c0e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0adc23c9554f99653f69e01c37306b586a414e6ca0c6d3f3b2779c02d8159c0e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY5NRMST57TC/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY5NRMST57TC/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY5NRMST57TC/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-07T07:57:58Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY5NRMST57TC","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY5NRMST57TC/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY5NRMST57TC/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY5NRMST57TC/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY5NRMST57TC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e6c140b452a73c335f8ad0cec0459f5c9e144b42203827177678eae6a2579545","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-10-30T19:18:14Z","title_canon_sha256":"6c9b433e7828a6f9d1d376d013d08573b2aba5dde46692295bc7ccf8e08928de"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1911.00337","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1911.00337","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1911.00337v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1911.00337","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ED226EXNGDJ5","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ED226EXNGDJ5LDIY","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ED226EXN","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0adc23c9554f99653f69e01c37306b586a414e6ca0c6d3f3b2779c02d8159c0e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1911.00337/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Many of the top question answering systems today utilize ensembling to improve their performance on tasks such as the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) and Natural Questions (NQ) challenges. Unfortunately most of these systems do not publish their ensembling strategies used in their leaderboard submissions. In this work, we investigate a number of ensembling techniques and demonstrate a strategy which improves our F1 score for short answers on the dev set for NQ by 2.3 F1 points over our single model (which outperforms the previous SOTA by 1.9 F1 points).","authors_text":"Anthony Ferritto, Avirup Sil, J. William Murdock, Lin Pan, Radu Florian, Rishav Chakravarti, Salim Roukos","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-10-30T19:18:14Z","title":"Ensembling Strategies for Answering Natural Questions"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1911.00337","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ac567a43c0bc7f6e078d479ff316b3c8eebb0d4fd902f8c9e8786b66c22b781a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e6c140b452a73c335f8ad0cec0459f5c9e144b42203827177678eae6a2579545","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-10-30T19:18:14Z","title_canon_sha256":"6c9b433e7828a6f9d1d376d013d08573b2aba5dde46692295bc7ccf8e08928de"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1911.00337","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"20f5af12ed30d3d58d18eb62c94fbf9881afce820c11ba278a9a2fab28eb1dfb","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"20f5af12ed30d3d58d18eb62c94fbf9881afce820c11ba278a9a2fab28eb1dfb","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29.872714Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29.872714Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"JNCYkGiZoqhdaZZ1agqAITjiq138w2f//xcRpvbnftOtLTzlUn3S0HdgF1D3EdtAAkp4cvCnGqH35EvI69TaAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:17:29.873271Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1911.00337","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ac567a43c0bc7f6e078d479ff316b3c8eebb0d4fd902f8c9e8786b66c22b781a","sha256:0adc23c9554f99653f69e01c37306b586a414e6ca0c6d3f3b2779c02d8159c0e"],"state_sha256":"4a625320fbba2e82478371292cc320954c14499a457d9d95583038905e121789"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"L15PsZ2gCAGvIkfu1HBdnCzNwaec/rwK4Aws5fkWXgTzQP5RAZ+I2XJnkEfLuMmmyZvkNis63s+7R/075PPhCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-07T07:57:58.643114Z","bundle_sha256":"e75802723495767ab84723c9e9288d0dba34c75ecb4414cc750f128be638a418"}}