{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW6NFRLN3BTE","short_pith_number":"pith:EKDHTZYP","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1407.7308","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2014-07-28T02:09:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"f7a271cafa8946f757ecc70ff98d894c023687923ad6b924051afd89c0c4fa04","abstract_canon_sha256":"32418cacca64acf705103dec934382e8f561da0207a1972ca084fe8d1f6e12eb"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"228679e70fb8f18c8e76f34b15b7619935435cf273e8f5ae7468050896d3e1c5","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1407.7308","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1407.7308","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1407.7308v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1407.7308","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"EKDHTZYPXDYY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"EKDHTZYP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW6NFRLN3BTE","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1407.7308","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2014-07-28T02:09:29Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"f7a271cafa8946f757ecc70ff98d894c023687923ad6b924051afd89c0c4fa04","abstract_canon_sha256":"32418cacca64acf705103dec934382e8f561da0207a1972ca084fe8d1f6e12eb"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"228679e70fb8f18c8e76f34b15b7619935435cf273e8f5ae7468050896d3e1c5","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03.803974Z","signature_b64":"X5qO6U+A55zFUNcileMaIflE5PI8W6tcr+3opxY8RHb72HR7NTYZWJE65DOhSforuLN7ZWzLOMZH12qi2ra+Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"228679e70fb8f18c8e76f34b15b7619935435cf273e8f5ae7468050896d3e1c5","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03.803455Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03.803455Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1407.7308","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"40IwhTVQDjmwKdS4OfjxSke6Pigb99zssC4fvb23mY+9dAgB1hqdQoe+gflK3+8Jaq+qMh4gI4Bz4fJZFEpzDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T07:59:37.559894Z"},"content_sha256":"4867a99bbf6738d6e7982954a4d9219f5c335a1abffb7b5e49287d114e38e08b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4867a99bbf6738d6e7982954a4d9219f5c335a1abffb7b5e49287d114e38e08b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW6NFRLN3BTE","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Instrumental Variable Estimation When Compliance is not Deterministic: The Stochastic Monotonicity Assumption","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Alan Brookhart, Dylan Small, Scott Lorch, Zhiqiang Tan","submitted_at":"2014-07-28T02:09:29Z","abstract_excerpt":"The instrumental variables (IV) method is a method for making causal inferences about the effect of a treatment based on an observational study in which there are unmeasured confounding variables. The method requires a valid IV, a variable that is independent of the unmeasured confounding variables and is associated with the treatment but which has no effect on the outcome beyond its effect on the treatment. An additional assumption that is often made for the IV method is deterministic monotonicity, which is an assumption that for each subject, the level of the treatment that a subject would t"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1407.7308","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"CcvZTOaQ+B1h4kXFJ/IXKEU7QHGPsxy+T56l6cPtGT15PYSNnmmohqyAtIwXoj4uSCNjM82oSy7/OnIEmrZ+DA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T07:59:37.560701Z"},"content_sha256":"4b644aa797885301588533c916c35e8f3398aac9739ddb6e15b096c8d26dc358","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4b644aa797885301588533c916c35e8f3398aac9739ddb6e15b096c8d26dc358"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW6NFRLN3BTE/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW6NFRLN3BTE/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW6NFRLN3BTE/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T07:59:37Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW6NFRLN3BTE","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW6NFRLN3BTE/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW6NFRLN3BTE/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW6NFRLN3BTE/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW6NFRLN3BTE","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"32418cacca64acf705103dec934382e8f561da0207a1972ca084fe8d1f6e12eb","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2014-07-28T02:09:29Z","title_canon_sha256":"f7a271cafa8946f757ecc70ff98d894c023687923ad6b924051afd89c0c4fa04"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1407.7308","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1407.7308","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1407.7308v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1407.7308","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"EKDHTZYPXDYY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"EKDHTZYPXDYYZDTW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"EKDHTZYP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4b644aa797885301588533c916c35e8f3398aac9739ddb6e15b096c8d26dc358","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The instrumental variables (IV) method is a method for making causal inferences about the effect of a treatment based on an observational study in which there are unmeasured confounding variables. The method requires a valid IV, a variable that is independent of the unmeasured confounding variables and is associated with the treatment but which has no effect on the outcome beyond its effect on the treatment. An additional assumption that is often made for the IV method is deterministic monotonicity, which is an assumption that for each subject, the level of the treatment that a subject would t","authors_text":"Alan Brookhart, Dylan Small, Scott Lorch, Zhiqiang Tan","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2014-07-28T02:09:29Z","title":"Instrumental Variable Estimation When Compliance is not Deterministic: The Stochastic Monotonicity Assumption"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1407.7308","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4867a99bbf6738d6e7982954a4d9219f5c335a1abffb7b5e49287d114e38e08b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"32418cacca64acf705103dec934382e8f561da0207a1972ca084fe8d1f6e12eb","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2014-07-28T02:09:29Z","title_canon_sha256":"f7a271cafa8946f757ecc70ff98d894c023687923ad6b924051afd89c0c4fa04"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1407.7308","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"228679e70fb8f18c8e76f34b15b7619935435cf273e8f5ae7468050896d3e1c5","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"228679e70fb8f18c8e76f34b15b7619935435cf273e8f5ae7468050896d3e1c5","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03.803455Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03.803455Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"X5qO6U+A55zFUNcileMaIflE5PI8W6tcr+3opxY8RHb72HR7NTYZWJE65DOhSforuLN7ZWzLOMZH12qi2ra+Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:45:03.803974Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1407.7308","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4867a99bbf6738d6e7982954a4d9219f5c335a1abffb7b5e49287d114e38e08b","sha256:4b644aa797885301588533c916c35e8f3398aac9739ddb6e15b096c8d26dc358"],"state_sha256":"616d97bafc60ca0c19a9cd3034bb7e4d660580239cada0a7f4619fac5026d2ef"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"MVE0AH0S4W/knwyGJhsS5QJXBQ+FvWtjKZd9P6U4rc1HDfgZ+lQctkdFEPB+qnSu2nXo1JU/DsbEzpAqIK0GDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T07:59:37.564546Z","bundle_sha256":"cec2b89fba94770c05704077229408ffc59c7f0f5f88685e9c75982ac761d9c8"}}