{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGGZ4PFYAKBRL","short_pith_number":"pith:ELTLOX4T","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.13635","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T15:02:07Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"ad614db8abbdce241631187ae5d71d5c16ececac75267f97013623da3a2d502f","abstract_canon_sha256":"d64f94f55a3eff1559ef020920b357879ad7e9af1ddfc051e8db91b400c26221"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"22e6b75f931e8660e0c6cf1e5c01418ac13fb4d5b364213d7294891c8c51467b","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2605.13635","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.13635","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.13635v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.13635","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ELTLOX4TD2DG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ELTLOX4T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGGZ4PFYAKBRL","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.13635","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T15:02:07Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"ad614db8abbdce241631187ae5d71d5c16ececac75267f97013623da3a2d502f","abstract_canon_sha256":"d64f94f55a3eff1559ef020920b357879ad7e9af1ddfc051e8db91b400c26221"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"22e6b75f931e8660e0c6cf1e5c01418ac13fb4d5b364213d7294891c8c51467b","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17.677678Z","signature_b64":"0M7qI4xEzDWN78j2zM/8vOaeqqhSwYj48w9OrT9HrqaIw2UBuCl27FeDDrmLtiwl77+f/TDihnUb395FouO5Dw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"22e6b75f931e8660e0c6cf1e5c01418ac13fb4d5b364213d7294891c8c51467b","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17.677133Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17.677133Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2605.13635","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mL+fjiMp/ZOYH3m6zr6yVukIzOol5yULIXI/c8blIR+qwnPmpukpNdQGEsQ7/Z2mh20IuTnvz6o2Xp0h+oKXBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T01:49:28.865031Z"},"content_sha256":"01355b57a1853df9f3fdc6f88b66fb5515d77cd8818a4a8b3c3573eab493f7b7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:01355b57a1853df9f3fdc6f88b66fb5515d77cd8818a4a8b3c3573eab493f7b7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGGZ4PFYAKBRL","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Tracing the sulfur depletion in starless and pre-stellar cores","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"Sulfur-bearing molecule abundances in starless cores vary due to local environmental conditions rather than a uniform evolutionary path.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"E. I. Makarenko, H. A. Bunn, L. Sch\\\"oller, O. Sipil\\\"a, P.Caselli, S. S. Jensen, S. Spezzano","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T15:02:07Z","abstract_excerpt":"Sulfur is one of the most abundant elements in the Universe, yet the sulfur budget inferred from the observed sulfur-bearing molecules in dense cores is significantly lower than expected. Starless and pre-stellar cores represent the earliest stages of star formation and provide a laboratory for studying the physical and chemical processes that cause sulfur depletion. We aim to constrain sulfur chemistry in dense cores by measuring abundances of sulfur-bearing molecules and how they reflect core evolution and environmental effects. We observed nine cores in the Taurus Molecular Cloud, targeting"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"The variations and lack of consistent correlations suggest that a single evolutionary parameter cannot describe sulfur chemistry and that the local environmental conditions strongly influence the observed abundances.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That the chosen evolutionary tracers (H2 column density, N2D+/N2H+, CO depletion factor) adequately capture the chemical history and that 0D models with adjusted initial sulfur abundances can represent the cores' physical structure and time evolution.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Sulfur abundances in starless cores vary with local conditions instead of a single evolutionary parameter, and 0D chemical models cannot simultaneously match all observed carbon- and oxygen-bearing species.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Sulfur-bearing molecule abundances in starless cores vary due to local environmental conditions rather than a uniform evolutionary path.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"fcd20305ebfdbadf0ee670d2f2a58ec239f0d918434c4106b5299acafcfa6f6a"},"source":{"id":"2605.13635","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"34252abd-74a8-49e7-b1b4-eca053c3603a","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-14T18:04:25.789114Z","strongest_claim":"The variations and lack of consistent correlations suggest that a single evolutionary parameter cannot describe sulfur chemistry and that the local environmental conditions strongly influence the observed abundances.","one_line_summary":"Sulfur abundances in starless cores vary with local conditions instead of a single evolutionary parameter, and 0D chemical models cannot simultaneously match all observed carbon- and oxygen-bearing species.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That the chosen evolutionary tracers (H2 column density, N2D+/N2H+, CO depletion factor) adequately capture the chemical history and that 0D models with adjusted initial sulfur abundances can represent the cores' physical structure and time evolution.","pith_extraction_headline":"Sulfur-bearing molecule abundances in starless cores vary due to local environmental conditions rather than a uniform evolutionary path."},"references":{"count":73,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2014,"title":"2014, in Protostars and Planets VI, ed","work_id":"a59c8f7f-1020-40dc-b5c9-242516636d12","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2021,"title":"M., & Grevesse, N","work_id":"5498a806-02a9-4441-8d68-d949e7683f31","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":1997,"title":"& Pérez Gutiérrez, M","work_id":"3ddd7fa2-d897-4297-8818-242831042eb9","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":1972,"title":"Beers, Y ., Klein, G. P., Kirchhoff, W. H., & Johnson, D. R. 1972, J. Mol. Spec- trosc., 44, 553","work_id":"601e4823-6fc9-4a82-9546-2dd2bc366407","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":1982,"title":"Bogey, M., Demuynck, C., & Destombes, J. L. 1982, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 95, 35","work_id":"40e41b11-0a63-4897-9e09-2c3f8dcebea3","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":73,"snapshot_sha256":"123887257d731eee1d1acfb42b6917d4cf1ca869c4585bd3c59076ed6903e460","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":"34252abd-74a8-49e7-b1b4-eca053c3603a"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Vlo5Q0jHSSGous/U7YBvq09FwbsqxRKwhZP1u6QBWvaPJYh5Yv5CU0K5OS8gLQQ34gkLl1KSiMBFTdPe0o4SBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T01:49:28.865590Z"},"content_sha256":"792d7b337549d2db25a27d9f950009dc60cfccb7232dfad06c4474289b07c7fa","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:792d7b337549d2db25a27d9f950009dc60cfccb7232dfad06c4474289b07c7fa"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGGZ4PFYAKBRL/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGGZ4PFYAKBRL/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGGZ4PFYAKBRL/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-03T01:49:28Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGGZ4PFYAKBRL","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGGZ4PFYAKBRL/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGGZ4PFYAKBRL/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGGZ4PFYAKBRL/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGGZ4PFYAKBRL","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d64f94f55a3eff1559ef020920b357879ad7e9af1ddfc051e8db91b400c26221","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T15:02:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"ad614db8abbdce241631187ae5d71d5c16ececac75267f97013623da3a2d502f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.13635","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.13635","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.13635v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.13635","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"ELTLOX4TD2DG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"ELTLOX4TD2DGBYGG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"ELTLOX4T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:792d7b337549d2db25a27d9f950009dc60cfccb7232dfad06c4474289b07c7fa","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C1","kind":"strongest_claim","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","text":"The variations and lack of consistent correlations suggest that a single evolutionary parameter cannot describe sulfur chemistry and that the local environmental conditions strongly influence the observed abundances."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C2","kind":"weakest_assumption","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","text":"That the chosen evolutionary tracers (H2 column density, N2D+/N2H+, CO depletion factor) adequately capture the chemical history and that 0D models with adjusted initial sulfur abundances can represent the cores' physical structure and time evolution."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C3","kind":"one_line_summary","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Sulfur abundances in starless cores vary with local conditions instead of a single evolutionary parameter, and 0D chemical models cannot simultaneously match all observed carbon- and oxygen-bearing species."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C4","kind":"headline","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Sulfur-bearing molecule abundances in starless cores vary due to local environmental conditions rather than a uniform evolutionary path."}],"snapshot_sha256":"fcd20305ebfdbadf0ee670d2f2a58ec239f0d918434c4106b5299acafcfa6f6a"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Sulfur is one of the most abundant elements in the Universe, yet the sulfur budget inferred from the observed sulfur-bearing molecules in dense cores is significantly lower than expected. Starless and pre-stellar cores represent the earliest stages of star formation and provide a laboratory for studying the physical and chemical processes that cause sulfur depletion. We aim to constrain sulfur chemistry in dense cores by measuring abundances of sulfur-bearing molecules and how they reflect core evolution and environmental effects. We observed nine cores in the Taurus Molecular Cloud, targeting","authors_text":"E. I. Makarenko, H. A. Bunn, L. Sch\\\"oller, O. Sipil\\\"a, P.Caselli, S. S. Jensen, S. Spezzano","cross_cats":[],"headline":"Sulfur-bearing molecule abundances in starless cores vary due to local environmental conditions rather than a uniform evolutionary path.","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T15:02:07Z","title":"Tracing the sulfur depletion in starless and pre-stellar cores"},"references":{"count":73,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":73,"sample":[{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":1,"title":"2014, in Protostars and Planets VI, ed","work_id":"a59c8f7f-1020-40dc-b5c9-242516636d12","year":2014},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":2,"title":"M., & Grevesse, N","work_id":"5498a806-02a9-4441-8d68-d949e7683f31","year":2021},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":3,"title":"& Pérez Gutiérrez, M","work_id":"3ddd7fa2-d897-4297-8818-242831042eb9","year":1997},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":4,"title":"Beers, Y ., Klein, G. P., Kirchhoff, W. H., & Johnson, D. R. 1972, J. Mol. Spec- trosc., 44, 553","work_id":"601e4823-6fc9-4a82-9546-2dd2bc366407","year":1972},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":5,"title":"Bogey, M., Demuynck, C., & Destombes, J. L. 1982, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 95, 35","work_id":"40e41b11-0a63-4897-9e09-2c3f8dcebea3","year":1982}],"snapshot_sha256":"123887257d731eee1d1acfb42b6917d4cf1ca869c4585bd3c59076ed6903e460"},"source":{"id":"2605.13635","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":"2026-05-14T18:04:25.789114Z","id":"34252abd-74a8-49e7-b1b4-eca053c3603a","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"one_line_summary":"Sulfur abundances in starless cores vary with local conditions instead of a single evolutionary parameter, and 0D chemical models cannot simultaneously match all observed carbon- and oxygen-bearing species.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","pith_extraction_headline":"Sulfur-bearing molecule abundances in starless cores vary due to local environmental conditions rather than a uniform evolutionary path.","strongest_claim":"The variations and lack of consistent correlations suggest that a single evolutionary parameter cannot describe sulfur chemistry and that the local environmental conditions strongly influence the observed abundances.","weakest_assumption":"That the chosen evolutionary tracers (H2 column density, N2D+/N2H+, CO depletion factor) adequately capture the chemical history and that 0D models with adjusted initial sulfur abundances can represent the cores' physical structure and time evolution."}},"verdict_id":"34252abd-74a8-49e7-b1b4-eca053c3603a"}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:01355b57a1853df9f3fdc6f88b66fb5515d77cd8818a4a8b3c3573eab493f7b7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d64f94f55a3eff1559ef020920b357879ad7e9af1ddfc051e8db91b400c26221","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2026-05-13T15:02:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"ad614db8abbdce241631187ae5d71d5c16ececac75267f97013623da3a2d502f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.13635","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"22e6b75f931e8660e0c6cf1e5c01418ac13fb4d5b364213d7294891c8c51467b","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"22e6b75f931e8660e0c6cf1e5c01418ac13fb4d5b364213d7294891c8c51467b","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17.677133Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17.677133Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"0M7qI4xEzDWN78j2zM/8vOaeqqhSwYj48w9OrT9HrqaIw2UBuCl27FeDDrmLtiwl77+f/TDihnUb395FouO5Dw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:44:17.677678Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2605.13635","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:01355b57a1853df9f3fdc6f88b66fb5515d77cd8818a4a8b3c3573eab493f7b7","sha256:792d7b337549d2db25a27d9f950009dc60cfccb7232dfad06c4474289b07c7fa"],"state_sha256":"4cc2b772e8565e530de95741891d810d04beca90cd2c07ff4dde071610ca20ff"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9Gb22Oag7NPiXZt6ZsNuSPxABj3G+VqQ94L5P9GAYLf98hz+573Q/hAIGsjlxLePNo143DJJVKjfICb4RX/yAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-03T01:49:28.868135Z","bundle_sha256":"e0cdfd038d4c0778382ba02d9db5f453b4b26781b079f4d69cec004256c8e90f"}}