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However, observational data are often incomplete (e.g., lacking the radial component of the motion) and may have significant observational errors. For example, the majority of faint stars observed with Gaia will not have their radial velocities measured. Aims. Our aim is to formulate and test a new maximum likelihood approach to estimating the kinematical parameters for a local stellar sample when only the transverse velocities are known "},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1302.3995","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","submitted_at":"2013-02-16T20:26:28Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.GA"],"title_canon_sha256":"ffe4920bb3f16150ea602ba714f4f7dacd0c806b1532851f27f933649e4fddfc","abstract_canon_sha256":"8dbaf766e2189af9f84424fe84bbecb7e495802ce2f4237a6226c651a780c0ba"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:24.621081Z","signature_b64":"dnfk113LE68YRVflktVkqvpxV9WjLyLH5LFkrMQwyHF09VeW426WqaQVzxMUrX776o//rdiR00z97BorKvQFCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"23bae6677305603b6844864f772fe8f9bc3a6f381f4540253a6453e7d265fa76","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:24.620417Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:33:24.620417Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Maximum likelihood estimation of local stellar kinematics","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.GA"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","authors_text":"Lennart Lindegren, Toktam Aghajani","submitted_at":"2013-02-16T20:26:28Z","abstract_excerpt":"Context. 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