{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:EOJHY2IIETCDFSGGPEEHTXQDAA","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"96fee29514670fca3481236a7fa11d69c4a3b325a54f30b36a379888ab6f5319","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-02-27T19:38:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"4be4da0d41ec5f38fd2910f519a1da2d21f884b94764b0805287ec1674f3c8ee"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2103.00304","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2103.00304","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2103.00304v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2103.00304","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"EOJHY2IIETCD","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"EOJHY2IIETCDFSGG","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"EOJHY2II","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f474a64726d1f1d93bfefcbfccf4eec178b4ab3dc3846315b62e824da1bea930","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2103.00304/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Unobserved spatial confounding variables are prevalent in environmental and ecological applications where the system under study is complex and the data are often observational. Instrumental variables (IVs) are a common way to address unobserved confounding; however, the efficacy of using IVs on spatial confounding is largely unknown. This paper explores the effectiveness of IVs in this situation -- with particular attention paid to the spatial scale of the instrument. We show that, in case of spatially-dependent treatments, IVs are most effective when they vary at a finer spatial resolution t","authors_text":"Ana G. Rappold, Andrew Giffin, Brian J. Reich, Shu Yang","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-02-27T19:38:06Z","title":"Instrumental variables, spatial confounding and interference"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2103.00304","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:49afade9dd39a1e672caac3e6dec7092119a6de433726d14e66ad6dab6a17f5d","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"96fee29514670fca3481236a7fa11d69c4a3b325a54f30b36a379888ab6f5319","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2021-02-27T19:38:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"4be4da0d41ec5f38fd2910f519a1da2d21f884b94764b0805287ec1674f3c8ee"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2103.00304","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"23927c690824c432c8c6790879de03003a6e1e4cc50f7d166e6bb0c550ea66f1","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"23927c690824c432c8c6790879de03003a6e1e4cc50f7d166e6bb0c550ea66f1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:04.288525Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:04.288525Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"WlrksmK6qinIxIcL+ao1QXRj9+utb+ekQR46Tcxnlv1gxULSfaqjcXvoRcFy1dUvGZZkYFHT8tiSzPiDSJSiBQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:19:04.288899Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2103.00304","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:49afade9dd39a1e672caac3e6dec7092119a6de433726d14e66ad6dab6a17f5d","sha256:f474a64726d1f1d93bfefcbfccf4eec178b4ab3dc3846315b62e824da1bea930"],"state_sha256":"b0387216d0f37f8965535a93ad831b795a46c7df7e5b7194db19d4a2219c029b"}