{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCIXPB7ZN7XAA","short_pith_number":"pith:EP5FFBLT","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1201.2152","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-01-10T20:05:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d79e46feffa227252ab5d9fa6f22c0dbce5d2173f8cb426b1230c9f4cface7de","abstract_canon_sha256":"99448cf0d260c953463fc2fc7be0b1152060d0a57b9bb33330111a3bbe009f53"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"23fa52857323d3c32448bbc3fcb7f7003ecdb8aaf198bbbd6b0999956a52adbd","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1201.2152","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1201.2152","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1201.2152v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1201.2152","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"EP5FFBLTEPJ4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"EP5FFBLT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCIXPB7ZN7XAA","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1201.2152","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-01-10T20:05:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d79e46feffa227252ab5d9fa6f22c0dbce5d2173f8cb426b1230c9f4cface7de","abstract_canon_sha256":"99448cf0d260c953463fc2fc7be0b1152060d0a57b9bb33330111a3bbe009f53"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"23fa52857323d3c32448bbc3fcb7f7003ecdb8aaf198bbbd6b0999956a52adbd","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53.193884Z","signature_b64":"JCUKwJdC5a9iKpyolxnOhzUOGVQV2S11So+k0wIj6yR8U9Dx4Jsvm7NVIGNPCQgdNM/U1hpmmDjSne+V+tqKAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"23fa52857323d3c32448bbc3fcb7f7003ecdb8aaf198bbbd6b0999956a52adbd","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53.193096Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53.193096Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1201.2152","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"U4wqu43itgbbX+1ieqNr9B+1rtn1LeTkx9tDAwHb02jJHbwQgkyYYQEcuJ+PbTICx7EUq8hX5C+eSAhaPpEaCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-19T16:56:41.184583Z"},"content_sha256":"ac8ae16a4780bae8bbc4b31749b81fa72c7b797522547095f929e8aa64828c27","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ac8ae16a4780bae8bbc4b31749b81fa72c7b797522547095f929e8aa64828c27"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCIXPB7ZN7XAA","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Effective viscosity from cloud-cloud collisions in three-dimensional global SPH simulations","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"David J. Williamson, Rob J. Thacker","submitted_at":"2012-01-10T20:05:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"Analytic estimates of the viscous time-scale due to cloud-cloud collisions have been as high as thousands of Gyr. Consequently, cloud collisions are widely ignored as a source of viscosity in galactic disks. However, capturing the hydrodynamics of discs in simple analytic models is a challenge, both because of the wide dynamic range and importance of 2D and 3D effects. To test the validity of analytic models we present estimates for the viscous time-scale that are measured from three dimensional SPH simulations of disc formation and evolution. We have deliberately removed uncertainties associa"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1201.2152","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"uyAAK8Wf6QaHrb4F5eg5k0Yd2O0j28qbiSFDLeblf0/NLUtiBxeC5UN++1kzCoklGzgmFkFsWBhEL15gJKdbBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-19T16:56:41.184942Z"},"content_sha256":"7464d8263131220d16fab082d6d5cbdce65709b1f080cea5068d23e45b5e505f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7464d8263131220d16fab082d6d5cbdce65709b1f080cea5068d23e45b5e505f"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCIXPB7ZN7XAA/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCIXPB7ZN7XAA/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCIXPB7ZN7XAA/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-19T16:56:41Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCIXPB7ZN7XAA","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCIXPB7ZN7XAA/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCIXPB7ZN7XAA/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCIXPB7ZN7XAA/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCIXPB7ZN7XAA","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"99448cf0d260c953463fc2fc7be0b1152060d0a57b9bb33330111a3bbe009f53","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-01-10T20:05:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"d79e46feffa227252ab5d9fa6f22c0dbce5d2173f8cb426b1230c9f4cface7de"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1201.2152","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1201.2152","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1201.2152v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1201.2152","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"EP5FFBLTEPJ4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"EP5FFBLTEPJ4GJCI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"EP5FFBLT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7464d8263131220d16fab082d6d5cbdce65709b1f080cea5068d23e45b5e505f","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Analytic estimates of the viscous time-scale due to cloud-cloud collisions have been as high as thousands of Gyr. Consequently, cloud collisions are widely ignored as a source of viscosity in galactic disks. However, capturing the hydrodynamics of discs in simple analytic models is a challenge, both because of the wide dynamic range and importance of 2D and 3D effects. To test the validity of analytic models we present estimates for the viscous time-scale that are measured from three dimensional SPH simulations of disc formation and evolution. We have deliberately removed uncertainties associa","authors_text":"David J. Williamson, Rob J. Thacker","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-01-10T20:05:10Z","title":"Effective viscosity from cloud-cloud collisions in three-dimensional global SPH simulations"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1201.2152","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ac8ae16a4780bae8bbc4b31749b81fa72c7b797522547095f929e8aa64828c27","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"99448cf0d260c953463fc2fc7be0b1152060d0a57b9bb33330111a3bbe009f53","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-01-10T20:05:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"d79e46feffa227252ab5d9fa6f22c0dbce5d2173f8cb426b1230c9f4cface7de"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1201.2152","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"23fa52857323d3c32448bbc3fcb7f7003ecdb8aaf198bbbd6b0999956a52adbd","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"23fa52857323d3c32448bbc3fcb7f7003ecdb8aaf198bbbd6b0999956a52adbd","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53.193096Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53.193096Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"JCUKwJdC5a9iKpyolxnOhzUOGVQV2S11So+k0wIj6yR8U9Dx4Jsvm7NVIGNPCQgdNM/U1hpmmDjSne+V+tqKAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:58:53.193884Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1201.2152","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ac8ae16a4780bae8bbc4b31749b81fa72c7b797522547095f929e8aa64828c27","sha256:7464d8263131220d16fab082d6d5cbdce65709b1f080cea5068d23e45b5e505f"],"state_sha256":"d6b57fd711b08125a647900d9e44606ca2dd453f889b9573619f406d8a2f57fc"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"nlARS7Oaxu2kfgXETGC3VBqi3QUoQIWwRu+RwQZv02I2chCmeHIjrAXGZYoLxIpMcUL+4545MNlVr38sFcECAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-19T16:56:41.186925Z","bundle_sha256":"b5821531a148c08569c2dc1352b6568dfb9174bac9c6f9fd0f79849a192b892e"}}