{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLDFQZR7IWU4N","short_pith_number":"pith:EW4QMNHZ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2212.03980","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2022-12-07T22:30:17Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"cf60e06cb4422cd162ebe6fbf056328061c4025617619bd6d5ef864e78bb5fdc","abstract_canon_sha256":"581630eab658768b257652294e4ed0f4c4d732a0e768ca9958bd3c0fe8e3c2a9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"25b90634f90e5c9139632c331fa2d4e3517976681da4ab82b99c0d9c174f090c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2212.03980","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2212.03980","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2212.03980v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2212.03980","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"EW4QMNHZBZOJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLD","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"EW4QMNHZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLDFQZR7IWU4N","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2212.03980","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2022-12-07T22:30:17Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"cf60e06cb4422cd162ebe6fbf056328061c4025617619bd6d5ef864e78bb5fdc","abstract_canon_sha256":"581630eab658768b257652294e4ed0f4c4d732a0e768ca9958bd3c0fe8e3c2a9"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"25b90634f90e5c9139632c331fa2d4e3517976681da4ab82b99c0d9c174f090c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23.002223Z","signature_b64":"9FL+2a4mo0zlWIBWzL5J1s0WU/PHjALz8MC9wZAd+KWU05sXpjKGxcqUylmYuzFMAkpIisKexS5MLquxKmuKAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"25b90634f90e5c9139632c331fa2d4e3517976681da4ab82b99c0d9c174f090c","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23.001882Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23.001882Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2212.03980","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"leokWnpir6eOaOMPmIaT6unfMw2GKSzhwR3f8nO4lZ6GCz8DZYI9IB3i97syGBELC2DEGldEpOdwm1KGxo1sBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T04:16:25.301275Z"},"content_sha256":"ab291281d86e0c54dc49aeb9543f8862825c474bedba309ab17b6da70aa0bcc1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ab291281d86e0c54dc49aeb9543f8862825c474bedba309ab17b6da70aa0bcc1"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLDFQZR7IWU4N","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"DDoD: Dual Denial of Decision Attacks on Human-AI Teams","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.HC","authors_text":"Benjamin Tag, Benjamin Zi Hao Zhao, Dali Kaafar, Niels van Berkel, Olga Ohrimenko, Shlomo Berkovsky, Sunny Verma, Vassilis Kostakos","submitted_at":"2022-12-07T22:30:17Z","abstract_excerpt":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have been increasingly used to make decision-making processes faster, more accurate, and more efficient. However, such systems are also at constant risk of being attacked. While the majority of attacks targeting AI-based applications aim to manipulate classifiers or training data and alter the output of an AI model, recently proposed Sponge Attacks against AI models aim to impede the classifier's execution by consuming substantial resources. In this work, we propose \\textit{Dual Denial of Decision (DDoD) attacks against collaborative Human-AI teams}. We dis"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2212.03980","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2212.03980/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lxmWD7CkHye5ZOYYVh6zT7ckfnVZU2t8sMhVVMWfi4LEl8YwMdEC459RCwW5HVzMo17vaE9Z+5BKl5zOaH1cDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T04:16:25.302393Z"},"content_sha256":"4ad890690d893b2268ced9d368f0dfcf3d2a2e22c76c4e860e013ec82f573212","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4ad890690d893b2268ced9d368f0dfcf3d2a2e22c76c4e860e013ec82f573212"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLDFQZR7IWU4N/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLDFQZR7IWU4N/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLDFQZR7IWU4N/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-09T04:16:25Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLDFQZR7IWU4N","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLDFQZR7IWU4N/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLDFQZR7IWU4N/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLDFQZR7IWU4N/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLDFQZR7IWU4N","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"581630eab658768b257652294e4ed0f4c4d732a0e768ca9958bd3c0fe8e3c2a9","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2022-12-07T22:30:17Z","title_canon_sha256":"cf60e06cb4422cd162ebe6fbf056328061c4025617619bd6d5ef864e78bb5fdc"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2212.03980","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2212.03980","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2212.03980v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2212.03980","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"EW4QMNHZBZOJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"EW4QMNHZBZOJCOLD","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"EW4QMNHZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4ad890690d893b2268ced9d368f0dfcf3d2a2e22c76c4e860e013ec82f573212","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2212.03980/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have been increasingly used to make decision-making processes faster, more accurate, and more efficient. However, such systems are also at constant risk of being attacked. While the majority of attacks targeting AI-based applications aim to manipulate classifiers or training data and alter the output of an AI model, recently proposed Sponge Attacks against AI models aim to impede the classifier's execution by consuming substantial resources. In this work, we propose \\textit{Dual Denial of Decision (DDoD) attacks against collaborative Human-AI teams}. We dis","authors_text":"Benjamin Tag, Benjamin Zi Hao Zhao, Dali Kaafar, Niels van Berkel, Olga Ohrimenko, Shlomo Berkovsky, Sunny Verma, Vassilis Kostakos","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2022-12-07T22:30:17Z","title":"DDoD: Dual Denial of Decision Attacks on Human-AI Teams"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2212.03980","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ab291281d86e0c54dc49aeb9543f8862825c474bedba309ab17b6da70aa0bcc1","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"581630eab658768b257652294e4ed0f4c4d732a0e768ca9958bd3c0fe8e3c2a9","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.HC","submitted_at":"2022-12-07T22:30:17Z","title_canon_sha256":"cf60e06cb4422cd162ebe6fbf056328061c4025617619bd6d5ef864e78bb5fdc"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2212.03980","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"25b90634f90e5c9139632c331fa2d4e3517976681da4ab82b99c0d9c174f090c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"25b90634f90e5c9139632c331fa2d4e3517976681da4ab82b99c0d9c174f090c","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23.001882Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23.001882Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"9FL+2a4mo0zlWIBWzL5J1s0WU/PHjALz8MC9wZAd+KWU05sXpjKGxcqUylmYuzFMAkpIisKexS5MLquxKmuKAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:23:23.002223Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2212.03980","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ab291281d86e0c54dc49aeb9543f8862825c474bedba309ab17b6da70aa0bcc1","sha256:4ad890690d893b2268ced9d368f0dfcf3d2a2e22c76c4e860e013ec82f573212"],"state_sha256":"b4f2b5c2118dc110e3211df303ea6214c1ae50dccd28aa4521bd5398a4909062"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"NHetuh9f7yxUhVFTzwP8fOxxK4AiYQ1AkKo2XKeE9CpYKiFWC2mNCepj1rgEkD9DtvfNf199tBi0guBIdL9oAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-09T04:16:25.307622Z","bundle_sha256":"99798390cc503e0a0d35fafb173545c936bd2c194750360d0e7f1003d688eba8"}}