{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZQI7VL6V2MQ","short_pith_number":"pith:EXZ6J3C5","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1205.3290","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2012-05-15T08:35:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.data-an"],"title_canon_sha256":"5672e9149b70de07683c07b4ed56ce864707674772f7330638109e1f3764dd04","abstract_canon_sha256":"ded7cf481bd5668fa63fc33f28f039f9c7f4a6b6c0d4ad9672701016c902b873"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"25f3e4ec5df436de3119823f55faba6409ff68c32c8259efd043d5d6b525c8a5","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1205.3290","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1205.3290","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1205.3290v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1205.3290","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"EXZ6J3C56Q3N","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"EXZ6J3C5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZQI7VL6V2MQ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1205.3290","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2012-05-15T08:35:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.data-an"],"title_canon_sha256":"5672e9149b70de07683c07b4ed56ce864707674772f7330638109e1f3764dd04","abstract_canon_sha256":"ded7cf481bd5668fa63fc33f28f039f9c7f4a6b6c0d4ad9672701016c902b873"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"25f3e4ec5df436de3119823f55faba6409ff68c32c8259efd043d5d6b525c8a5","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36.393757Z","signature_b64":"Q3BVrdZcqYdfD2jB+AvNhpHKy0bjJLM0HhdTvHoOuLofF0Hr6nvqysYaMgSNkTrXL+BO3SWOAvw7+hjH5dGgDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"25f3e4ec5df436de3119823f55faba6409ff68c32c8259efd043d5d6b525c8a5","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36.393254Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36.393254Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1205.3290","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cWkezfwOUDPtOrj/tNUG6UYKMS6Qx9M8/0AzQub0GDOi6W/Lx4ExEtjFYxue3zAmX6EbWL41GCHj87l+15zlAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T22:24:29.879886Z"},"content_sha256":"2a86f276784c45f3804c8dddf9939ad84df99c016b5dab6b7071b1ce4e4a9594","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2a86f276784c45f3804c8dddf9939ad84df99c016b5dab6b7071b1ce4e4a9594"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZQI7VL6V2MQ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Quick Anomaly Detection by the Newcomb--Benford Law, with Applications to Electoral Processes Data from the USA, Puerto Rico and Venezuela","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.data-an"],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"David Torres, Luis Pericchi","submitted_at":"2012-05-15T08:35:27Z","abstract_excerpt":"A simple and quick general test to screen for numerical anomalies is presented. It can be applied, for example, to electoral processes, both electronic and manual. It uses vote counts in officially published voting units, which are typically widely available and institutionally backed. The test examines the frequencies of digits on voting counts and rests on the First (NBL1) and Second Digit Newcomb--Benford Law (NBL2), and in a novel generalization of the law under restrictions of the maximum number of voters per unit (RNBL2). We apply the test to the 2004 USA presidential elections, the Puer"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1205.3290","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"XJ2r0riM+OX9nGOLcFGZvugFwK4sY2fQmOvJzBKhQnBZni0Dcp+loAfXJoo46QHa58+xXUOH3n03VPeikJYGBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T22:24:29.880466Z"},"content_sha256":"ab0588a298f121412739109487d4a87a344f264f0e0353f16eb72a0d7ecfa384","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ab0588a298f121412739109487d4a87a344f264f0e0353f16eb72a0d7ecfa384"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZQI7VL6V2MQ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZQI7VL6V2MQ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZQI7VL6V2MQ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-04T22:24:29Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZQI7VL6V2MQ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZQI7VL6V2MQ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZQI7VL6V2MQ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZQI7VL6V2MQ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZQI7VL6V2MQ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ded7cf481bd5668fa63fc33f28f039f9c7f4a6b6c0d4ad9672701016c902b873","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.data-an"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2012-05-15T08:35:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"5672e9149b70de07683c07b4ed56ce864707674772f7330638109e1f3764dd04"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1205.3290","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1205.3290","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1205.3290v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1205.3290","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"EXZ6J3C56Q3N","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"EXZ6J3C56Q3N4MIZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"EXZ6J3C5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ab0588a298f121412739109487d4a87a344f264f0e0353f16eb72a0d7ecfa384","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"A simple and quick general test to screen for numerical anomalies is presented. It can be applied, for example, to electoral processes, both electronic and manual. It uses vote counts in officially published voting units, which are typically widely available and institutionally backed. The test examines the frequencies of digits on voting counts and rests on the First (NBL1) and Second Digit Newcomb--Benford Law (NBL2), and in a novel generalization of the law under restrictions of the maximum number of voters per unit (RNBL2). We apply the test to the 2004 USA presidential elections, the Puer","authors_text":"David Torres, Luis Pericchi","cross_cats":["physics.data-an"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2012-05-15T08:35:27Z","title":"Quick Anomaly Detection by the Newcomb--Benford Law, with Applications to Electoral Processes Data from the USA, Puerto Rico and Venezuela"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1205.3290","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:2a86f276784c45f3804c8dddf9939ad84df99c016b5dab6b7071b1ce4e4a9594","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ded7cf481bd5668fa63fc33f28f039f9c7f4a6b6c0d4ad9672701016c902b873","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.data-an"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2012-05-15T08:35:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"5672e9149b70de07683c07b4ed56ce864707674772f7330638109e1f3764dd04"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1205.3290","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"25f3e4ec5df436de3119823f55faba6409ff68c32c8259efd043d5d6b525c8a5","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"25f3e4ec5df436de3119823f55faba6409ff68c32c8259efd043d5d6b525c8a5","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36.393254Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36.393254Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Q3BVrdZcqYdfD2jB+AvNhpHKy0bjJLM0HhdTvHoOuLofF0Hr6nvqysYaMgSNkTrXL+BO3SWOAvw7+hjH5dGgDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:55:36.393757Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1205.3290","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:2a86f276784c45f3804c8dddf9939ad84df99c016b5dab6b7071b1ce4e4a9594","sha256:ab0588a298f121412739109487d4a87a344f264f0e0353f16eb72a0d7ecfa384"],"state_sha256":"1de889c47e2a3c283231ec9faa711704b72e20cc69a5189398198a1c92c69a29"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"DXe8KLwW6TLxm0yFnmqzroI7F60lcBrz0YYsit9hFXvQSuTlx9bRMxctwaZXt+qG7IVIand4/6CIOLv0u7obBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T22:24:29.883664Z","bundle_sha256":"c644f205a386810f57c4ee5c9a05a517d2657bc1b9269eb11d829c87074cd792"}}