{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:F23C6HRWJYEXQODURGQSY7CUF6","short_pith_number":"pith:F23C6HRW","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1906.06439","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-06-14T23:50:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"9fa2de6bf3fbb2e6f57d4bed84d3a03e9f0e79c4901a16a85cb65d975fb314f3","abstract_canon_sha256":"f88ac52f93bfdf22e2e3d59914763b55032667cbc6a47a9daa8499d53207e749"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2eb62f1e364e0978387489a12c7c542f8f2f7cdbbbbba62f0db98f53f018d691","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1906.06439","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1906.06439","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1906.06439v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1906.06439","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"F23C6HRWJYEX","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"F23C6HRWJYEXQODU","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"F23C6HRW","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:F23C6HRWJYEXQODURGQSY7CUF6","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1906.06439","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-06-14T23:50:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"9fa2de6bf3fbb2e6f57d4bed84d3a03e9f0e79c4901a16a85cb65d975fb314f3","abstract_canon_sha256":"f88ac52f93bfdf22e2e3d59914763b55032667cbc6a47a9daa8499d53207e749"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2eb62f1e364e0978387489a12c7c542f8f2f7cdbbbbba62f0db98f53f018d691","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17.071276Z","signature_b64":"bVwSyqJ1jKYOslTQPIv89P+oYeccNKmsqUIcvyKiRwBSlNMcFYrrQPAGoWxzs3f6FqYIrC1VZYvR/qIGCvX9Cg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"2eb62f1e364e0978387489a12c7c542f8f2f7cdbbbbba62f0db98f53f018d691","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17.070665Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17.070665Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1906.06439","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OoHvc22SgYiRnNT08LHsy1Ur5dfkm7WGa/dTQhZGlEG7zyC7C/odkjrW7+Z5cIVLY4VeaICgKpJwKzs04IaSAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-19T04:31:09.947362Z"},"content_sha256":"24fcf25fc2b20c0402cc04f6ceb5e8b57db79f11cf639225b3333d5d557cd8dd","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:24fcf25fc2b20c0402cc04f6ceb5e8b57db79f11cf639225b3333d5d557cd8dd"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:F23C6HRWJYEXQODURGQSY7CUF6","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Image Counterfactual Sensitivity Analysis for Detecting Unintended Bias","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.CV","authors_text":"Andrew Zaldivar, Ben Hutchinson, Margaret Mitchell, Remi Denton, Timnit Gebru","submitted_at":"2019-06-14T23:50:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"Facial analysis models are increasingly used in applications that have serious impacts on people's lives, ranging from authentication to surveillance tracking. It is therefore critical to develop techniques that can reveal unintended biases in facial classifiers to help guide the ethical use of facial analysis technology. This work proposes a framework called \\textit{image counterfactual sensitivity analysis}, which we explore as a proof-of-concept in analyzing a smiling attribute classifier trained on faces of celebrities. The framework utilizes counterfactuals to examine how a classifier's p"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1906.06439","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1906.06439/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YnJZSmwvU4gdSEVUVBC0QNUX7IaN2UIOh2oYRjp40//0mnLd8cFb7+BGKJ4GSie6LGYfjZLW0iALZYFQvU+YBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-19T04:31:09.947943Z"},"content_sha256":"18bd99d9c40a30e81cb955b0c6cb93437d960cbea8d70ed9b46aa984bbdaf70f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:18bd99d9c40a30e81cb955b0c6cb93437d960cbea8d70ed9b46aa984bbdaf70f"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/F23C6HRWJYEXQODURGQSY7CUF6/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/F23C6HRWJYEXQODURGQSY7CUF6/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/F23C6HRWJYEXQODURGQSY7CUF6/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-19T04:31:09Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/F23C6HRWJYEXQODURGQSY7CUF6","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/F23C6HRWJYEXQODURGQSY7CUF6/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/F23C6HRWJYEXQODURGQSY7CUF6/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/F23C6HRWJYEXQODURGQSY7CUF6/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:F23C6HRWJYEXQODURGQSY7CUF6","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f88ac52f93bfdf22e2e3d59914763b55032667cbc6a47a9daa8499d53207e749","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-06-14T23:50:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"9fa2de6bf3fbb2e6f57d4bed84d3a03e9f0e79c4901a16a85cb65d975fb314f3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1906.06439","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1906.06439","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1906.06439v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1906.06439","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"F23C6HRWJYEX","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"F23C6HRWJYEXQODU","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"F23C6HRW","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:18bd99d9c40a30e81cb955b0c6cb93437d960cbea8d70ed9b46aa984bbdaf70f","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1906.06439/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Facial analysis models are increasingly used in applications that have serious impacts on people's lives, ranging from authentication to surveillance tracking. It is therefore critical to develop techniques that can reveal unintended biases in facial classifiers to help guide the ethical use of facial analysis technology. This work proposes a framework called \\textit{image counterfactual sensitivity analysis}, which we explore as a proof-of-concept in analyzing a smiling attribute classifier trained on faces of celebrities. The framework utilizes counterfactuals to examine how a classifier's p","authors_text":"Andrew Zaldivar, Ben Hutchinson, Margaret Mitchell, Remi Denton, Timnit Gebru","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-06-14T23:50:04Z","title":"Image Counterfactual Sensitivity Analysis for Detecting Unintended Bias"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1906.06439","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:24fcf25fc2b20c0402cc04f6ceb5e8b57db79f11cf639225b3333d5d557cd8dd","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f88ac52f93bfdf22e2e3d59914763b55032667cbc6a47a9daa8499d53207e749","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CV","submitted_at":"2019-06-14T23:50:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"9fa2de6bf3fbb2e6f57d4bed84d3a03e9f0e79c4901a16a85cb65d975fb314f3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1906.06439","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"2eb62f1e364e0978387489a12c7c542f8f2f7cdbbbbba62f0db98f53f018d691","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2eb62f1e364e0978387489a12c7c542f8f2f7cdbbbbba62f0db98f53f018d691","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17.070665Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17.070665Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"bVwSyqJ1jKYOslTQPIv89P+oYeccNKmsqUIcvyKiRwBSlNMcFYrrQPAGoWxzs3f6FqYIrC1VZYvR/qIGCvX9Cg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:55:17.071276Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1906.06439","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:24fcf25fc2b20c0402cc04f6ceb5e8b57db79f11cf639225b3333d5d557cd8dd","sha256:18bd99d9c40a30e81cb955b0c6cb93437d960cbea8d70ed9b46aa984bbdaf70f"],"state_sha256":"501b43edee80ef1b5378edb6f5993c3d6be3456f616a3e35dfd8ab55e50f91e4"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"SL76UMwqTSNMhHqhGxjE+BV2ARaEghr9MYnFkhnss5cqvolzBwy8/iNSlLKRtwWlnTzQz/Fu7pvETrsgyLv6Dw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-19T04:31:09.952370Z","bundle_sha256":"f4216371a0fb67390bf9a9d90922b7bedc4869b49dc851f71ae8bc1a5d0dba3f"}}