{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:F55WGHXFFMCCYWCSZBWDJMKEA5","short_pith_number":"pith:F55WGHXF","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2408.11554","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-08-21T12:05:21Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"888ac3241f1d4dd77d5ea7ebf5510673c31547d9cb899a123fd4aba4114cd852","abstract_canon_sha256":"4cc50858cc9f60ca9b2f6c1af91ab1b01c6d2b94aa6db4d6bc09e4b7a12b0ae2"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2f7b631ee52b042c5852c86c34b14407707f00488387ecdb2cef5a310f11c564","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2408.11554","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2408.11554","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2408.11554v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2408.11554","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"F55WGHXFFMCC","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"F55WGHXFFMCCYWCS","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"F55WGHXF","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:F55WGHXFFMCCYWCSZBWDJMKEA5","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2408.11554","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-08-21T12:05:21Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"888ac3241f1d4dd77d5ea7ebf5510673c31547d9cb899a123fd4aba4114cd852","abstract_canon_sha256":"4cc50858cc9f60ca9b2f6c1af91ab1b01c6d2b94aa6db4d6bc09e4b7a12b0ae2"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2f7b631ee52b042c5852c86c34b14407707f00488387ecdb2cef5a310f11c564","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45.473543Z","signature_b64":"4zJN9HQFedx14sZgEmTPh7syVADfBwYLffY23TYst9mHQ5vbSq4irhKMsQwD9lNd5DFB0CXsKIN/0wkLaKweDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"2f7b631ee52b042c5852c86c34b14407707f00488387ecdb2cef5a310f11c564","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45.473130Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45.473130Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2408.11554","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4GewtKY68m8AVC7mEJrDVrnxaGocptBkiKz5GealCKpS/43EXDHoRnWsnh6DyMCKyZ0NAIT9oYSO26ZfasQEBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T22:02:55.073975Z"},"content_sha256":"ed0bbae93d704cb85e6d10022ecf01b2c3e3b480b1c3adc4944600278773acf0","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ed0bbae93d704cb85e6d10022ecf01b2c3e3b480b1c3adc4944600278773acf0"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:F55WGHXFFMCCYWCSZBWDJMKEA5","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Differentiating Choices via Commonality for Multiple-Choice Question Answering","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Kewen Wang, Shirui Pan, Wenqing Deng, Xiaowang Zhang, Zhe Wang, Zhiyong Feng","submitted_at":"2024-08-21T12:05:21Z","abstract_excerpt":"Multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) becomes particularly challenging when all choices are relevant to the question and are semantically similar. Yet this setting of MCQA can potentially provide valuable clues for choosing the right answer. Existing models often rank each choice separately, overlooking the context provided by other choices. Specifically, they fail to leverage the semantic commonalities and nuances among the choices for reasoning. In this paper, we propose a novel MCQA model by differentiating choices through identifying and eliminating their commonality, called DCQA. Our "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2408.11554","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2408.11554/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wzYjgsa4ywkPnqG09+pLvldyJxylHb1ir9KJm8nXvnXYy3l/em+3mbH0u92qruxoG/72iVL7ojtEBB5vN6ZRBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T22:02:55.074559Z"},"content_sha256":"2a4baf1344eb6e4a01c50ba7443f7afad536587e8bf93a05ad9e8793fb1c2844","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2a4baf1344eb6e4a01c50ba7443f7afad536587e8bf93a05ad9e8793fb1c2844"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/F55WGHXFFMCCYWCSZBWDJMKEA5/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/F55WGHXFFMCCYWCSZBWDJMKEA5/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/F55WGHXFFMCCYWCSZBWDJMKEA5/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T22:02:55Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/F55WGHXFFMCCYWCSZBWDJMKEA5","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/F55WGHXFFMCCYWCSZBWDJMKEA5/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/F55WGHXFFMCCYWCSZBWDJMKEA5/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/F55WGHXFFMCCYWCSZBWDJMKEA5/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:F55WGHXFFMCCYWCSZBWDJMKEA5","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4cc50858cc9f60ca9b2f6c1af91ab1b01c6d2b94aa6db4d6bc09e4b7a12b0ae2","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-08-21T12:05:21Z","title_canon_sha256":"888ac3241f1d4dd77d5ea7ebf5510673c31547d9cb899a123fd4aba4114cd852"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2408.11554","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2408.11554","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2408.11554v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2408.11554","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"F55WGHXFFMCC","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"F55WGHXFFMCCYWCS","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"F55WGHXF","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2a4baf1344eb6e4a01c50ba7443f7afad536587e8bf93a05ad9e8793fb1c2844","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2408.11554/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) becomes particularly challenging when all choices are relevant to the question and are semantically similar. Yet this setting of MCQA can potentially provide valuable clues for choosing the right answer. Existing models often rank each choice separately, overlooking the context provided by other choices. Specifically, they fail to leverage the semantic commonalities and nuances among the choices for reasoning. In this paper, we propose a novel MCQA model by differentiating choices through identifying and eliminating their commonality, called DCQA. Our ","authors_text":"Kewen Wang, Shirui Pan, Wenqing Deng, Xiaowang Zhang, Zhe Wang, Zhiyong Feng","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-08-21T12:05:21Z","title":"Differentiating Choices via Commonality for Multiple-Choice Question Answering"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2408.11554","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ed0bbae93d704cb85e6d10022ecf01b2c3e3b480b1c3adc4944600278773acf0","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4cc50858cc9f60ca9b2f6c1af91ab1b01c6d2b94aa6db4d6bc09e4b7a12b0ae2","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-08-21T12:05:21Z","title_canon_sha256":"888ac3241f1d4dd77d5ea7ebf5510673c31547d9cb899a123fd4aba4114cd852"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2408.11554","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"2f7b631ee52b042c5852c86c34b14407707f00488387ecdb2cef5a310f11c564","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2f7b631ee52b042c5852c86c34b14407707f00488387ecdb2cef5a310f11c564","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45.473130Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45.473130Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"4zJN9HQFedx14sZgEmTPh7syVADfBwYLffY23TYst9mHQ5vbSq4irhKMsQwD9lNd5DFB0CXsKIN/0wkLaKweDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:57:45.473543Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2408.11554","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ed0bbae93d704cb85e6d10022ecf01b2c3e3b480b1c3adc4944600278773acf0","sha256:2a4baf1344eb6e4a01c50ba7443f7afad536587e8bf93a05ad9e8793fb1c2844"],"state_sha256":"d15cc6172fe450b08f7de8eb5b29ed4ce9c4efb674c76c489637ba79e44f0e6e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"x6CggHeuVuvWlDExqfZOB6CcRCIoztYSyJjA7B4FK1zicUx/sNKBmLfXgIguCNUjVzhS/PB5+JDaNViNTBfDAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T22:02:55.079103Z","bundle_sha256":"42bf2e74dc7be4bb0ff14240ecb6a1dbfa0db7c3734111154e655b6d0c40dc15"}}