{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:FGC3MHCALWRXKDYRYGBIJN3DQD","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0623b1fdd1d09fbbdc0b996df762571f058f7608235e628e4593f7d9f263e76a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-10-17T15:33:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"b01f604b155c9900247e97fc88931319b9c555c1909b982878c7d357169a9027"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1910.07973","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1910.07973","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:14:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1910.07973v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:14:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1910.07973","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:14:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FGC3MHCALWRX","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:14:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FGC3MHCALWRXKDYR","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:14:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FGC3MHCA","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:14:34Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:5fdff60f851001cd4b583bf1d171be1dca6592625e9edca2dc28a370c60caef3","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:14:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1910.07973/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We present a systematic investigation of layer-wise BERT activations for general-purpose text representations to understand what linguistic information they capture and how transferable they are across different tasks. Sentence-level embeddings are evaluated against two state-of-the-art models on downstream and probing tasks from SentEval, while passage-level embeddings are evaluated on four question-answering (QA) datasets under a learning-to-rank problem setting. Embeddings from the pre-trained BERT model perform poorly in semantic similarity and sentence surface information probing tasks. F","authors_text":"Bing Xiang, Patrick Ng, Ramesh Nallapati, Xiaofei Ma, Zhiguo Wang","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-10-17T15:33:26Z","title":"Universal Text Representation from BERT: An Empirical Study"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1910.07973","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:0cea9d0b93ec5ae465bd38e032d8b4c4985cea4de86e8a706bde508773d270d8","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:14:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0623b1fdd1d09fbbdc0b996df762571f058f7608235e628e4593f7d9f263e76a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-10-17T15:33:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"b01f604b155c9900247e97fc88931319b9c555c1909b982878c7d357169a9027"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1910.07973","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"2985b61c405da3750f11c18284b76380e7cd946fcc818302561c92baa1fa7dda","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2985b61c405da3750f11c18284b76380e7cd946fcc818302561c92baa1fa7dda","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:14:34.369914Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:14:34.369914Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"p1UiHjHUNUOw2zNtedR8j8z2XQ9RO8WyfGlYnkAETwaPQMPhD97pln29iQK7JKeLVyHpUbrjb82OVOkchl9SCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:14:34.370356Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1910.07973","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:0cea9d0b93ec5ae465bd38e032d8b4c4985cea4de86e8a706bde508773d270d8","sha256:5fdff60f851001cd4b583bf1d171be1dca6592625e9edca2dc28a370c60caef3"],"state_sha256":"9fdd3c4a93519772411923adc0b6d9a9ead33649f74b91477647cc42454e1906"}