{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7TT7E2IA4ZUL","short_pith_number":"pith:FGIHDWNV","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1710.00046","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.app-ph","submitted_at":"2017-09-15T04:05:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.optics"],"title_canon_sha256":"7806065706cc3a60ce9c94e0aca0446c5d98d4f9c9c8222d9d4dff3668f3a3e1","abstract_canon_sha256":"0cec1a56c3bcc72cb3cccbce7ccf4aec71ae082e4b305141e88e675fc8b598a4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"299071d9b5830becdbf39fc9a40399a2eb01008e6ffb6423b8a788a422e9e5a3","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1710.00046","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1710.00046","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1710.00046v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1710.00046","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FGIHDWNVQMF6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FGIHDWNV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:15Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7TT7E2IA4ZUL","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1710.00046","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.app-ph","submitted_at":"2017-09-15T04:05:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.optics"],"title_canon_sha256":"7806065706cc3a60ce9c94e0aca0446c5d98d4f9c9c8222d9d4dff3668f3a3e1","abstract_canon_sha256":"0cec1a56c3bcc72cb3cccbce7ccf4aec71ae082e4b305141e88e675fc8b598a4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"299071d9b5830becdbf39fc9a40399a2eb01008e6ffb6423b8a788a422e9e5a3","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06.198150Z","signature_b64":"I5UxW3/3bj1ILuXgLq7A8WjxbhyXix2GVxKRlaazo1QQBW5cWxtulMekS1c+ZG/AcMrLjBXV0pqBXp4BAHtTDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"299071d9b5830becdbf39fc9a40399a2eb01008e6ffb6423b8a788a422e9e5a3","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06.197494Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06.197494Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1710.00046","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"on71RpqU27aQ3dx6s8xIKAJAh7zUKALQxY81EYIaDtdFMDX5eMgTAcapFyNAcUsRB3AwA+kdG9619uocO9abAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T09:10:59.995421Z"},"content_sha256":"50d1209b97bd6777a191512bd0ba0a0581ede9133b050f40fa70f77ccb9d8f10","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:50d1209b97bd6777a191512bd0ba0a0581ede9133b050f40fa70f77ccb9d8f10"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7TT7E2IA4ZUL","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Roadmap on Atto-Joule per Bit Modulators","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.optics"],"primary_cat":"physics.app-ph","authors_text":"Hamed Dalir, Jacob B. Khurgin, Rubab Amin, Sikandar Khan, Volker J. Sorger, Zhizhen Ma","submitted_at":"2017-09-15T04:05:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"Electrooptic modulation performs the conversion between the electrical and optical domain with applications in data communication for optical interconnects, but also for novel optical compute algorithms such as providing nonlinearity at the output stage of optical perceptrons in neuromorphic analogue optical computing. Since the clock frequency for photonics on chip has a power overhead sweet slot around 10s of GHz, ultrafast modulation may only be required in long distance communication, but not for short onchip links. Here we show a roadmap towards atto Joule per bit efficient modulators on "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1710.00046","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"0nsnIG439UIB5c/g9ATbvQptqmW/KkcqDfhWflZX2AkXkiBqVCtiwHsAor84ZJM3ZHmnAaDo7sfYQesViSjgAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T09:10:59.996099Z"},"content_sha256":"00658a31946bb43fd3e033fc37d9ab7ae580d72fd51ddbeea58be253d3ce4128","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:00658a31946bb43fd3e033fc37d9ab7ae580d72fd51ddbeea58be253d3ce4128"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7TT7E2IA4ZUL/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7TT7E2IA4ZUL/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7TT7E2IA4ZUL/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-26T09:10:59Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7TT7E2IA4ZUL","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7TT7E2IA4ZUL/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7TT7E2IA4ZUL/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7TT7E2IA4ZUL/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7TT7E2IA4ZUL","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0cec1a56c3bcc72cb3cccbce7ccf4aec71ae082e4b305141e88e675fc8b598a4","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.optics"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.app-ph","submitted_at":"2017-09-15T04:05:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"7806065706cc3a60ce9c94e0aca0446c5d98d4f9c9c8222d9d4dff3668f3a3e1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1710.00046","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1710.00046","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1710.00046v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1710.00046","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FGIHDWNVQMF6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FGIHDWNVQMF6ZW7T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FGIHDWNV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:15Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:00658a31946bb43fd3e033fc37d9ab7ae580d72fd51ddbeea58be253d3ce4128","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Electrooptic modulation performs the conversion between the electrical and optical domain with applications in data communication for optical interconnects, but also for novel optical compute algorithms such as providing nonlinearity at the output stage of optical perceptrons in neuromorphic analogue optical computing. Since the clock frequency for photonics on chip has a power overhead sweet slot around 10s of GHz, ultrafast modulation may only be required in long distance communication, but not for short onchip links. Here we show a roadmap towards atto Joule per bit efficient modulators on ","authors_text":"Hamed Dalir, Jacob B. Khurgin, Rubab Amin, Sikandar Khan, Volker J. Sorger, Zhizhen Ma","cross_cats":["physics.optics"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.app-ph","submitted_at":"2017-09-15T04:05:03Z","title":"Roadmap on Atto-Joule per Bit Modulators"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1710.00046","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:50d1209b97bd6777a191512bd0ba0a0581ede9133b050f40fa70f77ccb9d8f10","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0cec1a56c3bcc72cb3cccbce7ccf4aec71ae082e4b305141e88e675fc8b598a4","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.optics"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.app-ph","submitted_at":"2017-09-15T04:05:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"7806065706cc3a60ce9c94e0aca0446c5d98d4f9c9c8222d9d4dff3668f3a3e1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1710.00046","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"299071d9b5830becdbf39fc9a40399a2eb01008e6ffb6423b8a788a422e9e5a3","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"299071d9b5830becdbf39fc9a40399a2eb01008e6ffb6423b8a788a422e9e5a3","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06.197494Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06.197494Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"I5UxW3/3bj1ILuXgLq7A8WjxbhyXix2GVxKRlaazo1QQBW5cWxtulMekS1c+ZG/AcMrLjBXV0pqBXp4BAHtTDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:33:06.198150Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1710.00046","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:50d1209b97bd6777a191512bd0ba0a0581ede9133b050f40fa70f77ccb9d8f10","sha256:00658a31946bb43fd3e033fc37d9ab7ae580d72fd51ddbeea58be253d3ce4128"],"state_sha256":"519e1216624634b1b10ffaa9b1a4613e5e79f99cf7714b49d776eedd55cb369e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"zQ/2Gndj+seTpJxxhN52Zr5ThN+kvv7Ft4kVpGargQwCoC99LXBE5jdDX07gaZ5vS6GPnAwj2J4wcrUotonuDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T09:10:59.999690Z","bundle_sha256":"ec2d19f815e258bb6ff62db74eabc17dca3c416e82480377aa9d3eccfe2f53c8"}}