{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:FGYTOUXDB3G4GSHB2CD6D3KAHS","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0c0e4981f8560d7bc35fa02a804a5934026c2efeede56154ccf6b5730962b56a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","stat.ML"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2018-06-05T04:19:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"db143b815ddd8532510625b683f56df5fc02e0690539049a530cddbc51ffbfaa"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1806.01488","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1806.01488","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1806.01488v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1806.01488","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FGYTOUXDB3G4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FGYTOUXDB3G4GSHB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FGYTOUXD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:22Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:55cb40daa7729722c941cb1edc14d2a7521ca791b5e1c6aab80e9170eabc3f67","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We provide a conceptual map to navigate causal analysis problems. Focusing on the case of discrete random variables, we consider the case of causal effect estimation from observational data. The presented approaches apply also to continuous variables, but the issue of estimation becomes more complex. We then introduce the four schools of thought for causal analysis","authors_text":"Cheng Soon Ong, Finnian Lattimore","cross_cats":["cs.AI","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2018-06-05T04:19:22Z","title":"A Primer on Causal Analysis"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1806.01488","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:fcbc04909a131a0a52f1d087d0ce6dbd2aed9bc6ce18d80650c7dfa64b277fdd","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0c0e4981f8560d7bc35fa02a804a5934026c2efeede56154ccf6b5730962b56a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","stat.ML"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2018-06-05T04:19:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"db143b815ddd8532510625b683f56df5fc02e0690539049a530cddbc51ffbfaa"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1806.01488","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"29b13752e30ecdc348e1d087e1ed403cbb72451a5d6505556b96d9275f2d86d1","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"29b13752e30ecdc348e1d087e1ed403cbb72451a5d6505556b96d9275f2d86d1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:12.815417Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:12.815417Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"QfRonw3pR60TzS7DiP2gwTlpMDH3xvJcnFNUoN9l5066CXrP24vhCfCY/s1ujSsYlltyT00wYklTCDNgBv6ECQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:14:12.815843Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1806.01488","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:fcbc04909a131a0a52f1d087d0ce6dbd2aed9bc6ce18d80650c7dfa64b277fdd","sha256:55cb40daa7729722c941cb1edc14d2a7521ca791b5e1c6aab80e9170eabc3f67"],"state_sha256":"e360db895c563a9cd7e268bfdfb8e5f1a4677c7ba47e129ed4c19c919e4fce56"}