{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY5NAEWL4F6X","short_pith_number":"pith:FIIDAFP6","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1408.6987","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.optics","submitted_at":"2014-08-29T11:45:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"38934616d1c29c4cf33247e934e45fb5b1308576b753df43543cc119ecb8b87c","abstract_canon_sha256":"138e8cbaf4b0dfc92382a5d6488e6d1808f3c8e85a6b73c088a870f40c2a94ea"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2a103015fec5069d2718eb404b2f85f5c0fcdce7a75b8bf05cb33dfa97472de2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1408.6987","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1408.6987","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1408.6987v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1408.6987","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FIIDAFP6YUDJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FIIDAFP6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY5NAEWL4F6X","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1408.6987","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.optics","submitted_at":"2014-08-29T11:45:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"38934616d1c29c4cf33247e934e45fb5b1308576b753df43543cc119ecb8b87c","abstract_canon_sha256":"138e8cbaf4b0dfc92382a5d6488e6d1808f3c8e85a6b73c088a870f40c2a94ea"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2a103015fec5069d2718eb404b2f85f5c0fcdce7a75b8bf05cb33dfa97472de2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59.486026Z","signature_b64":"TbtOFSInVlFGXjuPDPI2AulTBFv7frEebSoRXlapIxlNH5VHr1PtF1XnLenfJFFFTnZ0lj+q0915ERuVuDiSCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"2a103015fec5069d2718eb404b2f85f5c0fcdce7a75b8bf05cb33dfa97472de2","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59.485502Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59.485502Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1408.6987","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"s4fy/seVyLjBhM4YEG2wtP4Jbyr/PJCOlM+J9agxzH9MMv8SSm8WfA9G6xUwq/dNRzeChMaHyK46Et6YmY9YDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T17:37:16.296677Z"},"content_sha256":"43587d4c05b682dc4562dc3ccffb8ef3536ad2224d539040e2ae63c38aeee497","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:43587d4c05b682dc4562dc3ccffb8ef3536ad2224d539040e2ae63c38aeee497"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY5NAEWL4F6X","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Characterising Conical Refraction Optical Tweezers","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.optics","authors_text":"Craig McDonald, Craig McDougall, David McGloin, Edik Rafailov","submitted_at":"2014-08-29T11:45:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Conical refraction occurs when a beam of light travels through an appropriately cut biaxial crystal. By focussing the conically refracted beam through a high numerical aperture microscope objective, conical refraction optical tweezers can be created, allowing for particle manipulation in both Raman spots and in the Lloyd/Poggendorff rings. We present a thorough quantification of the trapping properties of such a beam, focussing on the trap stiffness and how this varies with trap power and trapped particle location. We show that the lower Raman spot can be thought of as a single-beam optical gr"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1408.6987","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"uB9ijXdRJg8DkR6zDW0vuVtU/JNtbx86S12Ha7h+pqjicD01SiLSSlRsAMh3uDThclgGsApWATzK0rceGmu5Aw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T17:37:16.297427Z"},"content_sha256":"e40dc2dbfb2ce9522f427393b536874774a5e98af63961db83ce306a1fd5096e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e40dc2dbfb2ce9522f427393b536874774a5e98af63961db83ce306a1fd5096e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY5NAEWL4F6X/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY5NAEWL4F6X/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY5NAEWL4F6X/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-11T17:37:16Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY5NAEWL4F6X","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY5NAEWL4F6X/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY5NAEWL4F6X/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY5NAEWL4F6X/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY5NAEWL4F6X","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"138e8cbaf4b0dfc92382a5d6488e6d1808f3c8e85a6b73c088a870f40c2a94ea","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.optics","submitted_at":"2014-08-29T11:45:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"38934616d1c29c4cf33247e934e45fb5b1308576b753df43543cc119ecb8b87c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1408.6987","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1408.6987","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1408.6987v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1408.6987","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FIIDAFP6YUDJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FIIDAFP6YUDJ2JYY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FIIDAFP6","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e40dc2dbfb2ce9522f427393b536874774a5e98af63961db83ce306a1fd5096e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Conical refraction occurs when a beam of light travels through an appropriately cut biaxial crystal. By focussing the conically refracted beam through a high numerical aperture microscope objective, conical refraction optical tweezers can be created, allowing for particle manipulation in both Raman spots and in the Lloyd/Poggendorff rings. We present a thorough quantification of the trapping properties of such a beam, focussing on the trap stiffness and how this varies with trap power and trapped particle location. We show that the lower Raman spot can be thought of as a single-beam optical gr","authors_text":"Craig McDonald, Craig McDougall, David McGloin, Edik Rafailov","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.optics","submitted_at":"2014-08-29T11:45:47Z","title":"Characterising Conical Refraction Optical Tweezers"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1408.6987","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:43587d4c05b682dc4562dc3ccffb8ef3536ad2224d539040e2ae63c38aeee497","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"138e8cbaf4b0dfc92382a5d6488e6d1808f3c8e85a6b73c088a870f40c2a94ea","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.optics","submitted_at":"2014-08-29T11:45:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"38934616d1c29c4cf33247e934e45fb5b1308576b753df43543cc119ecb8b87c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1408.6987","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"2a103015fec5069d2718eb404b2f85f5c0fcdce7a75b8bf05cb33dfa97472de2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2a103015fec5069d2718eb404b2f85f5c0fcdce7a75b8bf05cb33dfa97472de2","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59.485502Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59.485502Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"TbtOFSInVlFGXjuPDPI2AulTBFv7frEebSoRXlapIxlNH5VHr1PtF1XnLenfJFFFTnZ0lj+q0915ERuVuDiSCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:31:59.486026Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1408.6987","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:43587d4c05b682dc4562dc3ccffb8ef3536ad2224d539040e2ae63c38aeee497","sha256:e40dc2dbfb2ce9522f427393b536874774a5e98af63961db83ce306a1fd5096e"],"state_sha256":"c82002de641c2718527e2c212ceeee380145eaf982cbe2a705b761f71aafa0d7"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cr+pDC1QzNBlxiEz8WZb/vQ8AmISbdZqQckmCEiRbMJ2cuD9kJrX+cKCyW4DtgsiD/62gFIvhaeekajDAF6aDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-11T17:37:16.301904Z","bundle_sha256":"2415800cd9680c1144ddcc98dbf1d9fcd4867c743b290e46a3264ddcd01c73df"}}