{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU2RPZYULUEZ","short_pith_number":"pith:FKAGSPHC","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1404.3095","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.stat-mech","submitted_at":"2014-04-11T12:55:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"aa641d615127b7ffdf3bc9e1c1eb5e48d767be44c3f75565fa282478f3ef09f1","abstract_canon_sha256":"8cf464392e757e04a2b7b2955e85af2e14a384f3bdfa3164e8672eb255672087"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2a80693ce2de9da424d4d45f9c51742668b12fcbf36923d59c86a525a41d43c9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1404.3095","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1404.3095","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1404.3095v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1404.3095","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FKAGSPHC32O2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FKAGSPHC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU2RPZYULUEZ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1404.3095","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.stat-mech","submitted_at":"2014-04-11T12:55:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"aa641d615127b7ffdf3bc9e1c1eb5e48d767be44c3f75565fa282478f3ef09f1","abstract_canon_sha256":"8cf464392e757e04a2b7b2955e85af2e14a384f3bdfa3164e8672eb255672087"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2a80693ce2de9da424d4d45f9c51742668b12fcbf36923d59c86a525a41d43c9","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35.377848Z","signature_b64":"ksE3FrYlhCrq+NHowAtDhINtGO2vR82U1FVZV8dR1zb4BLoITQZODPdd/ygx8LHmb+eSBQPBSWh70uBRjfVoDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"2a80693ce2de9da424d4d45f9c51742668b12fcbf36923d59c86a525a41d43c9","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35.377188Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35.377188Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1404.3095","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"NF+5QLNhDcSmV9O7IYyEOUiWKFVxOdcqDWB+69IkYeXSQ4Idx+7T/FdxwYOxqCvyuWbfqycYGgo66L2OV1qCDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-07T06:08:44.056211Z"},"content_sha256":"af16d14b31149ec452248b7e2886154909c850fb2ec930af09da66acdf9f8d2b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:af16d14b31149ec452248b7e2886154909c850fb2ec930af09da66acdf9f8d2b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU2RPZYULUEZ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The unlikely Carnot efficiency","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cond-mat.stat-mech","authors_text":"Christian Van den Broeck, Gatien Verley, Massimiliano Esposito, Tim Willaert","submitted_at":"2014-04-11T12:55:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"The efficiency of an heat engine is traditionally defined as the ratio of its average output work over its average input heat. Its highest possible value was discovered by Carnot in 1824 and is a cornerstone concept in thermodynamics. It led to the discovery of the second law and to the definition of the Kelvin temperature scale. Small-scale engines operate in the presence of highly fluctuating input and output energy fluxes. They are therefore much better characterized by fluctuating efficiencies. In this study, using the fluctuation theorem, we identify universal features of efficiency fluct"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1404.3095","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IhRvLw97oUTjOBntSNitZ8mT6XfqUTu5Ou1yfOJeZerwyDEsf8b5G4NNoV0W3uBbglAYxOcwcwopMRRH0iZdCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-07T06:08:44.056887Z"},"content_sha256":"e40c6a2da677fb6f51d0a36ae96906190742e2cb370ff292902b42f3440204d2","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e40c6a2da677fb6f51d0a36ae96906190742e2cb370ff292902b42f3440204d2"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU2RPZYULUEZ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU2RPZYULUEZ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU2RPZYULUEZ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-07T06:08:44Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU2RPZYULUEZ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU2RPZYULUEZ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU2RPZYULUEZ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU2RPZYULUEZ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU2RPZYULUEZ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8cf464392e757e04a2b7b2955e85af2e14a384f3bdfa3164e8672eb255672087","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.stat-mech","submitted_at":"2014-04-11T12:55:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"aa641d615127b7ffdf3bc9e1c1eb5e48d767be44c3f75565fa282478f3ef09f1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1404.3095","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1404.3095","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1404.3095v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1404.3095","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FKAGSPHC32O2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FKAGSPHC32O2IJGU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FKAGSPHC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e40c6a2da677fb6f51d0a36ae96906190742e2cb370ff292902b42f3440204d2","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The efficiency of an heat engine is traditionally defined as the ratio of its average output work over its average input heat. Its highest possible value was discovered by Carnot in 1824 and is a cornerstone concept in thermodynamics. It led to the discovery of the second law and to the definition of the Kelvin temperature scale. Small-scale engines operate in the presence of highly fluctuating input and output energy fluxes. They are therefore much better characterized by fluctuating efficiencies. In this study, using the fluctuation theorem, we identify universal features of efficiency fluct","authors_text":"Christian Van den Broeck, Gatien Verley, Massimiliano Esposito, Tim Willaert","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.stat-mech","submitted_at":"2014-04-11T12:55:18Z","title":"The unlikely Carnot efficiency"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1404.3095","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:af16d14b31149ec452248b7e2886154909c850fb2ec930af09da66acdf9f8d2b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8cf464392e757e04a2b7b2955e85af2e14a384f3bdfa3164e8672eb255672087","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.stat-mech","submitted_at":"2014-04-11T12:55:18Z","title_canon_sha256":"aa641d615127b7ffdf3bc9e1c1eb5e48d767be44c3f75565fa282478f3ef09f1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1404.3095","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"2a80693ce2de9da424d4d45f9c51742668b12fcbf36923d59c86a525a41d43c9","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2a80693ce2de9da424d4d45f9c51742668b12fcbf36923d59c86a525a41d43c9","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35.377188Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35.377188Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ksE3FrYlhCrq+NHowAtDhINtGO2vR82U1FVZV8dR1zb4BLoITQZODPdd/ygx8LHmb+eSBQPBSWh70uBRjfVoDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:43:35.377848Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1404.3095","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:af16d14b31149ec452248b7e2886154909c850fb2ec930af09da66acdf9f8d2b","sha256:e40c6a2da677fb6f51d0a36ae96906190742e2cb370ff292902b42f3440204d2"],"state_sha256":"2377829771a93ac27a63a00e5b60f0f83f070561d0b385bd11c934ad489a2004"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"RfnJPcm07jXWeAm7FjYLoXG6EpIFYNi80wBeLgAA5sp5v1zzjecPMX4uCWgl5oevj+JEcIsMyceaa96w8uP5BQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-07T06:08:44.060337Z","bundle_sha256":"b5fed749e3d9b523745834e9f924f908404a72cbd61039851eef8f5a049149ce"}}