{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:1999:FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3ELW4B5KZ62SJ","short_pith_number":"pith:FKR3ZM6O","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"astro-ph/9904015","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"1999-04-01T14:24:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6a95876983118808ec885c0e2b2b9b24b0f0e49a8224b8ad4f09b225ba66f97a","abstract_canon_sha256":"8f23d001c55b0635f04dcf86889ec2ab892d41b51ca69009b44c649074d43e55"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2aa3bcb3ceb629c26c8bb703d567da9279b5e7dce2235b339d128de8514d4803","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"astro-ph/9904015","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"astro-ph/9904015","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"astro-ph/9904015v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9904015","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FKR3ZM6OWYU4","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3EL","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FKR3ZM6O","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:1999:FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3ELW4B5KZ62SJ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"astro-ph/9904015","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"1999-04-01T14:24:54Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"6a95876983118808ec885c0e2b2b9b24b0f0e49a8224b8ad4f09b225ba66f97a","abstract_canon_sha256":"8f23d001c55b0635f04dcf86889ec2ab892d41b51ca69009b44c649074d43e55"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2aa3bcb3ceb629c26c8bb703d567da9279b5e7dce2235b339d128de8514d4803","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51.760231Z","signature_b64":"NvY57+IP4QlFHqvXxugKZmpy0m20B+kIbPUOZQKti8aK46ujkrLHAXyw8I+OltPTPI4N+DFA2EQEO3yWztQKDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"2aa3bcb3ceb629c26c8bb703d567da9279b5e7dce2235b339d128de8514d4803","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51.759848Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51.759848Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"astro-ph/9904015","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"1umkuNPvQCGEClfVi5OCWSJ9N0Bs+a62AXjk9wTgnymNx5i+fuwESPXPmxIH5E/2wA63ITHP8xC4N8GTapwoDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-14T21:01:26.001249Z"},"content_sha256":"ea7f96e97bbc898731d71d151704c56ff4968a88894d552c5530bc31ab98598a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ea7f96e97bbc898731d71d151704c56ff4968a88894d552c5530bc31ab98598a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:1999:FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3ELW4B5KZ62SJ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The Nature of Boxy/Peanut-Shaped Bulges in Spiral Galaxies","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph","authors_text":"K. C. Freeman, M. Bureau","submitted_at":"1999-04-01T14:24:54Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present a systematic observational study of the relationship between bars and boxy/peanut-shaped (B/PS) bulges. We first review and discuss proposed mechanisms for their formation, focussing on accretion and bar-buckling scenarios. Using new methods relying on the kinematics of edge-on disks, we then look for bars in a large sample of edge-on spiral galaxies with a B/PS bulge and in a smaller control sample of edge-on spirals with more spheroidal bulges. We present position-velocity diagrams of the ionised gas obtained from optical long-slit spectroscopy. We show that almost all B/PS bulges"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/9904015","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/astro-ph/9904015/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3stIbZIIpGCUJtHDPG+xZtNecAzMhfUODYw6SyH6b/JZf1ktUaqV8qgZdrFayxISn7D+jg6AafyKR+ClzqqxCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-14T21:01:26.001636Z"},"content_sha256":"98d1e0ea1807636e827638a7ae3181ff0f6619ce875939b03462badd0c5b7508","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:98d1e0ea1807636e827638a7ae3181ff0f6619ce875939b03462badd0c5b7508"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3ELW4B5KZ62SJ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3ELW4B5KZ62SJ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3ELW4B5KZ62SJ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-14T21:01:26Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3ELW4B5KZ62SJ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3ELW4B5KZ62SJ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3ELW4B5KZ62SJ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3ELW4B5KZ62SJ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:1999:FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3ELW4B5KZ62SJ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8f23d001c55b0635f04dcf86889ec2ab892d41b51ca69009b44c649074d43e55","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"1999-04-01T14:24:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"6a95876983118808ec885c0e2b2b9b24b0f0e49a8224b8ad4f09b225ba66f97a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"astro-ph/9904015","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"astro-ph/9904015","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"astro-ph/9904015v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9904015","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FKR3ZM6OWYU4","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FKR3ZM6OWYU4E3EL","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FKR3ZM6O","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:98d1e0ea1807636e827638a7ae3181ff0f6619ce875939b03462badd0c5b7508","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/astro-ph/9904015/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We present a systematic observational study of the relationship between bars and boxy/peanut-shaped (B/PS) bulges. We first review and discuss proposed mechanisms for their formation, focussing on accretion and bar-buckling scenarios. Using new methods relying on the kinematics of edge-on disks, we then look for bars in a large sample of edge-on spiral galaxies with a B/PS bulge and in a smaller control sample of edge-on spirals with more spheroidal bulges. We present position-velocity diagrams of the ionised gas obtained from optical long-slit spectroscopy. We show that almost all B/PS bulges","authors_text":"K. C. Freeman, M. Bureau","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"1999-04-01T14:24:54Z","title":"The Nature of Boxy/Peanut-Shaped Bulges in Spiral Galaxies"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/9904015","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ea7f96e97bbc898731d71d151704c56ff4968a88894d552c5530bc31ab98598a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8f23d001c55b0635f04dcf86889ec2ab892d41b51ca69009b44c649074d43e55","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"1999-04-01T14:24:54Z","title_canon_sha256":"6a95876983118808ec885c0e2b2b9b24b0f0e49a8224b8ad4f09b225ba66f97a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"astro-ph/9904015","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"2aa3bcb3ceb629c26c8bb703d567da9279b5e7dce2235b339d128de8514d4803","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2aa3bcb3ceb629c26c8bb703d567da9279b5e7dce2235b339d128de8514d4803","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51.759848Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51.759848Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"NvY57+IP4QlFHqvXxugKZmpy0m20B+kIbPUOZQKti8aK46ujkrLHAXyw8I+OltPTPI4N+DFA2EQEO3yWztQKDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-04T16:10:51.760231Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"astro-ph/9904015","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ea7f96e97bbc898731d71d151704c56ff4968a88894d552c5530bc31ab98598a","sha256:98d1e0ea1807636e827638a7ae3181ff0f6619ce875939b03462badd0c5b7508"],"state_sha256":"5f9a34b57371f8d3bc1f712ea3a9927c8ab0749f92a3122ce0081b81844d959b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fTlaMWiSjPl8mFf/EyWjUtYyzweA4b6nfnmUg/g0H4u/XTRFhFOtDN7y22dNdNjBwzlq5ozrzfvR+q076eYOAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-14T21:01:26.004749Z","bundle_sha256":"50eae224eeb2578f9d1678f58161a398b25c3b7deef8067d30a675d34faa247b"}}