{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2RICT4R4ELID","short_pith_number":"pith:FMOLXXWC","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2205.07845","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2022-05-16T17:55:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","astro-ph.IM","astro-ph.SR"],"title_canon_sha256":"4b606a488a692048eda9eb1ad70ee11a95fba26d3378fe4146a2293ffa1b193c","abstract_canon_sha256":"500b15312f93afbd3e5168060cb1c82b1c638206cdb3c3dfdd350b87858ee1b4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2b1cbbdec25e5df6535140a7c8f08b40f0284482c1001a340a980ea8a62b99c1","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2205.07845","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2205.07845","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2205.07845v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2205.07845","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FMOLXXWCLZO7","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2R","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FMOLXXWC","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2RICT4R4ELID","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2205.07845","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2022-05-16T17:55:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","astro-ph.IM","astro-ph.SR"],"title_canon_sha256":"4b606a488a692048eda9eb1ad70ee11a95fba26d3378fe4146a2293ffa1b193c","abstract_canon_sha256":"500b15312f93afbd3e5168060cb1c82b1c638206cdb3c3dfdd350b87858ee1b4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2b1cbbdec25e5df6535140a7c8f08b40f0284482c1001a340a980ea8a62b99c1","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26.722878Z","signature_b64":"lzfKKPofzojdktXTraHq7L15qobe07oSYJyFnkb3hzS85LyP6PnlbBDsICbyOLWkkB9gXueoWRIe/GRXX9VTBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"2b1cbbdec25e5df6535140a7c8f08b40f0284482c1001a340a980ea8a62b99c1","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26.722225Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26.722225Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2205.07845","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bT/llRGGsNAPiI8dm0ebJ5zNvh2nNg7lXfHxPmnsua8kgCddKYrj95qt49IZArP5eWecW/Fqno8hXv5pzFr0Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T12:40:51.038302Z"},"content_sha256":"68228902cb2ff18c99dd3f9694779e77a7f9f0bc466e445afbc0afc111675b91","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:68228902cb2ff18c99dd3f9694779e77a7f9f0bc466e445afbc0afc111675b91"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2RICT4R4ELID","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Non-Universal Stellar Initial Mass Functions: Large Uncertainties in Star Formation Rates at $z\\approx 2-4$ and Other Astrophysical Probes","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO","astro-ph.IM","astro-ph.SR"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Anna M. Suliga, Irene Tamborra, Joshua J. Ziegler, Katherine Freese, Shin'ichiro Ando, Shunsaku Horiuchi, Thomas D. P. Edwards","submitted_at":"2022-05-16T17:55:53Z","abstract_excerpt":"We explore the assumption, widely used in many astrophysical calculations, that the stellar initial mass function (IMF) is universal across all galaxies. By considering both a canonical Salpeter-like IMF and a non-universal IMF, we are able to compare the effect of different IMFs on multiple observables and derived quantities in astrophysics. Specifically, we consider a non-universal IMF which varies as a function of the local star formation rate, and explore the effects on the star formation rate density (SFRD), the extragalactic background light, the supernova (both core-collapse and thermon"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2205.07845","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2205.07845/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"oJxBXZlJksxDDVWTz4cJEnu5fhusyZeOJqhhrdNNUaQeubEz8UpN0CviyaaaTRe/eCbtJWNJp6ytLmbrveaTAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T12:40:51.038992Z"},"content_sha256":"bcbea0326f606d217dfcaa97d3392b6566772850fc5dc68bfd432daa966777f0","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:bcbea0326f606d217dfcaa97d3392b6566772850fc5dc68bfd432daa966777f0"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2RICT4R4ELID/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2RICT4R4ELID/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2RICT4R4ELID/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-03T12:40:51Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2RICT4R4ELID","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2RICT4R4ELID/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2RICT4R4ELID/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2RICT4R4ELID/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2RICT4R4ELID","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"500b15312f93afbd3e5168060cb1c82b1c638206cdb3c3dfdd350b87858ee1b4","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","astro-ph.IM","astro-ph.SR"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2022-05-16T17:55:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"4b606a488a692048eda9eb1ad70ee11a95fba26d3378fe4146a2293ffa1b193c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2205.07845","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2205.07845","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2205.07845v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2205.07845","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FMOLXXWCLZO7","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FMOLXXWCLZO7MU2R","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FMOLXXWC","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:bcbea0326f606d217dfcaa97d3392b6566772850fc5dc68bfd432daa966777f0","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2205.07845/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We explore the assumption, widely used in many astrophysical calculations, that the stellar initial mass function (IMF) is universal across all galaxies. By considering both a canonical Salpeter-like IMF and a non-universal IMF, we are able to compare the effect of different IMFs on multiple observables and derived quantities in astrophysics. Specifically, we consider a non-universal IMF which varies as a function of the local star formation rate, and explore the effects on the star formation rate density (SFRD), the extragalactic background light, the supernova (both core-collapse and thermon","authors_text":"Anna M. Suliga, Irene Tamborra, Joshua J. Ziegler, Katherine Freese, Shin'ichiro Ando, Shunsaku Horiuchi, Thomas D. P. Edwards","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO","astro-ph.IM","astro-ph.SR"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2022-05-16T17:55:53Z","title":"Non-Universal Stellar Initial Mass Functions: Large Uncertainties in Star Formation Rates at $z\\approx 2-4$ and Other Astrophysical Probes"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2205.07845","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:68228902cb2ff18c99dd3f9694779e77a7f9f0bc466e445afbc0afc111675b91","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"500b15312f93afbd3e5168060cb1c82b1c638206cdb3c3dfdd350b87858ee1b4","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","astro-ph.IM","astro-ph.SR"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2022-05-16T17:55:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"4b606a488a692048eda9eb1ad70ee11a95fba26d3378fe4146a2293ffa1b193c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2205.07845","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"2b1cbbdec25e5df6535140a7c8f08b40f0284482c1001a340a980ea8a62b99c1","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2b1cbbdec25e5df6535140a7c8f08b40f0284482c1001a340a980ea8a62b99c1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26.722225Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26.722225Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"lzfKKPofzojdktXTraHq7L15qobe07oSYJyFnkb3hzS85LyP6PnlbBDsICbyOLWkkB9gXueoWRIe/GRXX9VTBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:17:26.722878Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2205.07845","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:68228902cb2ff18c99dd3f9694779e77a7f9f0bc466e445afbc0afc111675b91","sha256:bcbea0326f606d217dfcaa97d3392b6566772850fc5dc68bfd432daa966777f0"],"state_sha256":"369231937fe249327ba10f77cad4c2d0ac53a17b00c3f739db62e536dda162fd"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"/a57CHrIdsrMRj1ld16++Tn2MgppbXhTlDGESlcioFRj12Af/BxM9C92YNC8ViDKkHth3pO+Dd7GAkGay7tHCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T12:40:51.045377Z","bundle_sha256":"8a3d96afc4839df6478d72e80b90333eaecc5e1b64d2ac7c22b02b7eca19028e"}}