{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ24CIJXQFQG4","short_pith_number":"pith:FPTQ7L67","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2408.11546","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-08-21T11:54:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"6167c1c62a8d38f4f137e9e032e67d64ac34b34b5574d0744492ef8168ad94e5","abstract_canon_sha256":"767227356587a9bfffabf5d1b9ee8ea50121f469c427459b27f91e32b1d80b6a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2be70fafdfcd338fdb3ae0909bc0b0372f2b9f1d9d279163a7996779c4ad4da4","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2408.11546","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2408.11546","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2408.11546v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2408.11546","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FPTQ7L67ZUZY","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FPTQ7L67","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ24CIJXQFQG4","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2408.11546","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-08-21T11:54:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"6167c1c62a8d38f4f137e9e032e67d64ac34b34b5574d0744492ef8168ad94e5","abstract_canon_sha256":"767227356587a9bfffabf5d1b9ee8ea50121f469c427459b27f91e32b1d80b6a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2be70fafdfcd338fdb3ae0909bc0b0372f2b9f1d9d279163a7996779c4ad4da4","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15.603198Z","signature_b64":"CKBWq98TPYAcukakt8qE9E1uYLLFgBXzmnu0ULtqMe5ZDxf8TaXqYW7RI1gX34hDabn9KNhDx8GnwkWseFTWAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"2be70fafdfcd338fdb3ae0909bc0b0372f2b9f1d9d279163a7996779c4ad4da4","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15.602578Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15.602578Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2408.11546","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"MU1aer85CDa6Y614Ysf7HXbwaiN43AVfonz0HtdU0UFRfXjaCeEJeNWKiw144aNLhV7Df+rmuVH78YZeFRrHDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T20:58:36.866826Z"},"content_sha256":"1223bfc6dcb77b6d22e69b1be1bf26926125a01cecb739f438997ba389df1837","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1223bfc6dcb77b6d22e69b1be1bf26926125a01cecb739f438997ba389df1837"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ24CIJXQFQG4","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Memorization in In-Context Learning","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Eduardo Blanco, Ellen Riloff, Mihai Surdeanu, Shahriar Golchin, Steven Bethard","submitted_at":"2024-08-21T11:54:22Z","abstract_excerpt":"In-context learning (ICL) has proven to be an effective strategy for improving the performance of large language models (LLMs) with no additional training. However, the exact mechanism behind this performance improvement remains unclear. This study is the first to show how ICL surfaces memorized training data and to explore the correlation between this memorization and performance on downstream tasks across various ICL regimes: zero-shot, few-shot, and many-shot. Our most notable findings include: (1) ICL significantly surfaces memorization compared to zero-shot learning in most cases; (2) dem"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2408.11546","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2408.11546/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ynA7XFdn2SzuljRtPWRBO0G7YEOhVETm1TbdvtwmuK6DXIK1rWHhbqzF8bEsjqEfcJ1NfNQwbc3Ym4/wMsJHCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T20:58:36.867759Z"},"content_sha256":"1bc2818374695814d58f59bc44e56a2509147efd455218c2a989d07912ddd2e5","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1bc2818374695814d58f59bc44e56a2509147efd455218c2a989d07912ddd2e5"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ24CIJXQFQG4/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ24CIJXQFQG4/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ24CIJXQFQG4/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-16T20:58:36Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ24CIJXQFQG4","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ24CIJXQFQG4/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ24CIJXQFQG4/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ24CIJXQFQG4/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ24CIJXQFQG4","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"767227356587a9bfffabf5d1b9ee8ea50121f469c427459b27f91e32b1d80b6a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-08-21T11:54:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"6167c1c62a8d38f4f137e9e032e67d64ac34b34b5574d0744492ef8168ad94e5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2408.11546","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2408.11546","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2408.11546v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2408.11546","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FPTQ7L67ZUZY","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FPTQ7L67ZUZY7WZ2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FPTQ7L67","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:1bc2818374695814d58f59bc44e56a2509147efd455218c2a989d07912ddd2e5","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2408.11546/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In-context learning (ICL) has proven to be an effective strategy for improving the performance of large language models (LLMs) with no additional training. However, the exact mechanism behind this performance improvement remains unclear. This study is the first to show how ICL surfaces memorized training data and to explore the correlation between this memorization and performance on downstream tasks across various ICL regimes: zero-shot, few-shot, and many-shot. Our most notable findings include: (1) ICL significantly surfaces memorization compared to zero-shot learning in most cases; (2) dem","authors_text":"Eduardo Blanco, Ellen Riloff, Mihai Surdeanu, Shahriar Golchin, Steven Bethard","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-08-21T11:54:22Z","title":"Memorization in In-Context Learning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2408.11546","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:1223bfc6dcb77b6d22e69b1be1bf26926125a01cecb739f438997ba389df1837","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"767227356587a9bfffabf5d1b9ee8ea50121f469c427459b27f91e32b1d80b6a","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-08-21T11:54:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"6167c1c62a8d38f4f137e9e032e67d64ac34b34b5574d0744492ef8168ad94e5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2408.11546","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"2be70fafdfcd338fdb3ae0909bc0b0372f2b9f1d9d279163a7996779c4ad4da4","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2be70fafdfcd338fdb3ae0909bc0b0372f2b9f1d9d279163a7996779c4ad4da4","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15.602578Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15.602578Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"CKBWq98TPYAcukakt8qE9E1uYLLFgBXzmnu0ULtqMe5ZDxf8TaXqYW7RI1gX34hDabn9KNhDx8GnwkWseFTWAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:44:15.603198Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2408.11546","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:1223bfc6dcb77b6d22e69b1be1bf26926125a01cecb739f438997ba389df1837","sha256:1bc2818374695814d58f59bc44e56a2509147efd455218c2a989d07912ddd2e5"],"state_sha256":"9092372e77bae46b956eb4612d991d1d54284d80dc9a797f02a9b21c0e001565"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mYJK4p2D/kmSRRwADpED/AoYHDG7XMoAE5y+afRULZWWtqcoewe+Y2NKJMHTg/ROYfAuvHqthTv3M/hgECQLDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-16T20:58:36.890038Z","bundle_sha256":"f4ff48359b62bb8587f7b6424c070397890823c2737a868c3db7cfffe580f2c5"}}