{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYPUOBJDM22CP","short_pith_number":"pith:FRK2DW7A","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1402.4051","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2014-02-17T16:35:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"8f1c90e11673585180859d9de8cf320d75d361c7ce11aac5118d79c8086af078","abstract_canon_sha256":"5b71aa3e0fae813a22e01c763da52c6253cbf196f9c401b7a48504f1dd83be13"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2c55a1dbe06701a7370fa38291b35a13e5ebddb5442fe1e6d4e9c8fa325bdc17","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1402.4051","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1402.4051","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1402.4051v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1402.4051","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FRK2DW7AM4A2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FRK2DW7A","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYPUOBJDM22CP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1402.4051","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2014-02-17T16:35:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"8f1c90e11673585180859d9de8cf320d75d361c7ce11aac5118d79c8086af078","abstract_canon_sha256":"5b71aa3e0fae813a22e01c763da52c6253cbf196f9c401b7a48504f1dd83be13"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2c55a1dbe06701a7370fa38291b35a13e5ebddb5442fe1e6d4e9c8fa325bdc17","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25.767473Z","signature_b64":"zrqGFi37iBepgcHTHC+DEqphg+w6Chn1/nX+lN82CdKr5tY4nh60VwBOfj7++sM+RZbvQZJn1owcRGLTCD29Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"2c55a1dbe06701a7370fa38291b35a13e5ebddb5442fe1e6d4e9c8fa325bdc17","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25.766927Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25.766927Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1402.4051","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hTghKvlyTH4TCUl+zV51KZ8wFA0N98rAkbgJghPibLmqXrmjO4ta5yvXzxprRaYSU7eXyNgj5cLJAT6D3rBsCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T08:22:02.893768Z"},"content_sha256":"a451c9b7d280e40b001804fd7a7b07ae137a444eb753750725153a5456ff092c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a451c9b7d280e40b001804fd7a7b07ae137a444eb753750725153a5456ff092c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYPUOBJDM22CP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The formation heights of coronal shocks from 2D density and Alfv\\'en speed maps","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","authors_text":"D. Shaun Bloomfield, Eoin P. Carley, Peter T. Gallagher, Pietro Zucca","submitted_at":"2014-02-17T16:35:40Z","abstract_excerpt":"Super-Alfv\\'enic shock waves associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can produce radio emission known as Type II bursts. In the absence of direct imaging, accurate estimates of coronal electron densities, magnetic field strengths and Alfv\\'en speeds are required in order to calculate the kinematics of shocks. To date, 1D radial models have been used, but these are not appropriate for shocks propagating in non-radial directions. Here, we study a coronal shock wave associated with a CME and Type II radio burst using 2D electron density and Alfv\\'en speed maps to determine the locations tha"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1402.4051","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IDqbqC4anwpypY/bfvrUyWVxV08zWOUuxcecCuk/0kSV24uhEj10dj7CcE15cmTsPfFhKQpKOl0QIHY6APw8CQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T08:22:02.894421Z"},"content_sha256":"1d0424ba826b10c739b50088f796c8a4831a232c296f1a15afb4c2d5d3ea9c8f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1d0424ba826b10c739b50088f796c8a4831a232c296f1a15afb4c2d5d3ea9c8f"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYPUOBJDM22CP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYPUOBJDM22CP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYPUOBJDM22CP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-30T08:22:02Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYPUOBJDM22CP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYPUOBJDM22CP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYPUOBJDM22CP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYPUOBJDM22CP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYPUOBJDM22CP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5b71aa3e0fae813a22e01c763da52c6253cbf196f9c401b7a48504f1dd83be13","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2014-02-17T16:35:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"8f1c90e11673585180859d9de8cf320d75d361c7ce11aac5118d79c8086af078"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1402.4051","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1402.4051","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1402.4051v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1402.4051","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FRK2DW7AM4A2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FRK2DW7AM4A2ONYP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FRK2DW7A","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:28Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:1d0424ba826b10c739b50088f796c8a4831a232c296f1a15afb4c2d5d3ea9c8f","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Super-Alfv\\'enic shock waves associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can produce radio emission known as Type II bursts. In the absence of direct imaging, accurate estimates of coronal electron densities, magnetic field strengths and Alfv\\'en speeds are required in order to calculate the kinematics of shocks. To date, 1D radial models have been used, but these are not appropriate for shocks propagating in non-radial directions. Here, we study a coronal shock wave associated with a CME and Type II radio burst using 2D electron density and Alfv\\'en speed maps to determine the locations tha","authors_text":"D. Shaun Bloomfield, Eoin P. Carley, Peter T. Gallagher, Pietro Zucca","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2014-02-17T16:35:40Z","title":"The formation heights of coronal shocks from 2D density and Alfv\\'en speed maps"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1402.4051","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a451c9b7d280e40b001804fd7a7b07ae137a444eb753750725153a5456ff092c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5b71aa3e0fae813a22e01c763da52c6253cbf196f9c401b7a48504f1dd83be13","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2014-02-17T16:35:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"8f1c90e11673585180859d9de8cf320d75d361c7ce11aac5118d79c8086af078"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1402.4051","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"2c55a1dbe06701a7370fa38291b35a13e5ebddb5442fe1e6d4e9c8fa325bdc17","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2c55a1dbe06701a7370fa38291b35a13e5ebddb5442fe1e6d4e9c8fa325bdc17","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25.766927Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25.766927Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"zrqGFi37iBepgcHTHC+DEqphg+w6Chn1/nX+lN82CdKr5tY4nh60VwBOfj7++sM+RZbvQZJn1owcRGLTCD29Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:52:25.767473Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1402.4051","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a451c9b7d280e40b001804fd7a7b07ae137a444eb753750725153a5456ff092c","sha256:1d0424ba826b10c739b50088f796c8a4831a232c296f1a15afb4c2d5d3ea9c8f"],"state_sha256":"bc7850e2d95550749e83ff8d041f5c452bd8b9ef726b6ce7008edf931825b2a2"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"v9XMsjworUMYPl61VRfB7etS2IF2TfP6g05CSOz30Rb8NP/t3G88DsDCD2vr2QtBsPKvM67O24pmEEBEtElsDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T08:22:02.896724Z","bundle_sha256":"f1b0c5a3a3fc8028df1594fac8bf9fd1d3c3860491c69e0057676b29679c35e4"}}