{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:FVBUAFXM4755KEF4MDAXC4OMBW","short_pith_number":"pith:FVBUAFXM","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2306.15786","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-06-27T20:32:07Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"5d7f73a29794fe3721d1f1bee500c9aa1fd00f9832f7e43107b55798a963c0ba","abstract_canon_sha256":"db80728193eb015c087205ee72a6490b0b5171ef6d45516bb173dd13746af037"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2d434016ece7fbd510bc60c17171cc0d8b918c73ea448dd3368c5b2b03eb3909","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2306.15786","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2306.15786","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2306.15786v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2306.15786","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FVBUAFXM4755","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FVBUAFXM4755KEF4","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FVBUAFXM","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:FVBUAFXM4755KEF4MDAXC4OMBW","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2306.15786","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-06-27T20:32:07Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"5d7f73a29794fe3721d1f1bee500c9aa1fd00f9832f7e43107b55798a963c0ba","abstract_canon_sha256":"db80728193eb015c087205ee72a6490b0b5171ef6d45516bb173dd13746af037"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2d434016ece7fbd510bc60c17171cc0d8b918c73ea448dd3368c5b2b03eb3909","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03.864399Z","signature_b64":"YiUmdzudHRDjQg6UfctRFTemlTi42espdxBUeVdhXdJRpyFvQADSBJtdAQV1eZzsed8HqAgbaCaZwveaBvjfAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"2d434016ece7fbd510bc60c17171cc0d8b918c73ea448dd3368c5b2b03eb3909","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03.863933Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03.863933Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2306.15786","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rt7RULUocsacefSSk5ksLc2iJU3kaTNcePWEeUkgCdFgqpMpfAV7rHD92adC93xxG5dMEUzU62cAqJffsNvCAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-24T02:09:21.538176Z"},"content_sha256":"bac3a17f2ac8e0cdc66c5d0c7424e20212bf4de3157256d44f717e214a26a1a2","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:bac3a17f2ac8e0cdc66c5d0c7424e20212bf4de3157256d44f717e214a26a1a2"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:FVBUAFXM4755KEF4MDAXC4OMBW","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"An Empirical Evaluation of the Rashomon Effect in Explainable Machine Learning","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Christian Bauckhage, Katharina Beckh, Matthias Jakobs, Pascal Welke, Sebastian M\\\"uller, Vanessa Toborek","submitted_at":"2023-06-27T20:32:07Z","abstract_excerpt":"The Rashomon Effect describes the following phenomenon: for a given dataset there may exist many models with equally good performance but with different solution strategies. The Rashomon Effect has implications for Explainable Machine Learning, especially for the comparability of explanations. We provide a unified view on three different comparison scenarios and conduct a quantitative evaluation across different datasets, models, attribution methods, and metrics. We find that hyperparameter-tuning plays a role and that metric selection matters. Our results provide empirical support for previou"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2306.15786","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2306.15786/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UgrobSzd51iLWNgM6D4yECWjnKcrP3i+fkaW7Y25l24tTiLoBauEdNG8yqmDlIzMc7IvNsJfm9hhLtMXJfN4Cg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-24T02:09:21.538698Z"},"content_sha256":"8f3a0a59683fbc35ed68597bcde74e59801575aece0d7501e35371938d686e9e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:8f3a0a59683fbc35ed68597bcde74e59801575aece0d7501e35371938d686e9e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FVBUAFXM4755KEF4MDAXC4OMBW/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FVBUAFXM4755KEF4MDAXC4OMBW/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FVBUAFXM4755KEF4MDAXC4OMBW/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-24T02:09:21Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/FVBUAFXM4755KEF4MDAXC4OMBW","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/FVBUAFXM4755KEF4MDAXC4OMBW/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/FVBUAFXM4755KEF4MDAXC4OMBW/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FVBUAFXM4755KEF4MDAXC4OMBW/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:FVBUAFXM4755KEF4MDAXC4OMBW","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"db80728193eb015c087205ee72a6490b0b5171ef6d45516bb173dd13746af037","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-06-27T20:32:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"5d7f73a29794fe3721d1f1bee500c9aa1fd00f9832f7e43107b55798a963c0ba"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2306.15786","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2306.15786","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2306.15786v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2306.15786","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FVBUAFXM4755","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FVBUAFXM4755KEF4","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FVBUAFXM","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:8f3a0a59683fbc35ed68597bcde74e59801575aece0d7501e35371938d686e9e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2306.15786/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The Rashomon Effect describes the following phenomenon: for a given dataset there may exist many models with equally good performance but with different solution strategies. The Rashomon Effect has implications for Explainable Machine Learning, especially for the comparability of explanations. We provide a unified view on three different comparison scenarios and conduct a quantitative evaluation across different datasets, models, attribution methods, and metrics. We find that hyperparameter-tuning plays a role and that metric selection matters. Our results provide empirical support for previou","authors_text":"Christian Bauckhage, Katharina Beckh, Matthias Jakobs, Pascal Welke, Sebastian M\\\"uller, Vanessa Toborek","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-06-27T20:32:07Z","title":"An Empirical Evaluation of the Rashomon Effect in Explainable Machine Learning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2306.15786","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:bac3a17f2ac8e0cdc66c5d0c7424e20212bf4de3157256d44f717e214a26a1a2","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"db80728193eb015c087205ee72a6490b0b5171ef6d45516bb173dd13746af037","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2023-06-27T20:32:07Z","title_canon_sha256":"5d7f73a29794fe3721d1f1bee500c9aa1fd00f9832f7e43107b55798a963c0ba"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2306.15786","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"2d434016ece7fbd510bc60c17171cc0d8b918c73ea448dd3368c5b2b03eb3909","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2d434016ece7fbd510bc60c17171cc0d8b918c73ea448dd3368c5b2b03eb3909","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03.863933Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03.863933Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"YiUmdzudHRDjQg6UfctRFTemlTi42espdxBUeVdhXdJRpyFvQADSBJtdAQV1eZzsed8HqAgbaCaZwveaBvjfAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:26:03.864399Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2306.15786","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:bac3a17f2ac8e0cdc66c5d0c7424e20212bf4de3157256d44f717e214a26a1a2","sha256:8f3a0a59683fbc35ed68597bcde74e59801575aece0d7501e35371938d686e9e"],"state_sha256":"e6f24f4eb478842e4a6e24d282aa2a2e134eaffe8fa59d9acf0758beb21b8e1b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ViumEivCm9Uor/jMZnMPxR2ZkX4PJ8QAKbDsULAmV8D27iX0Z8FafhUknJjQO6W/mme0PjkzVV9A7EGhnSaBAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-24T02:09:21.543635Z","bundle_sha256":"1ef21b0ffedc5459581ff111577b9abb19a52f4fc5c01c2cd68d70f5a6dc2228"}}