{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC6BO7JRY4F2","short_pith_number":"pith:FXDFAV6Z","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2103.16415","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2021-03-30T15:13:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.soc-ph","q-bio.PE"],"title_canon_sha256":"47ae872e0427d3ea0fedbea7ebe9a7c8fc5f57a290747d917d8c62ec8f8444c2","abstract_canon_sha256":"442070db174770acaebc016cc9421995897c5320377fc61a74e73e65e0d2cf4b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2dc65057d9e246ee45e2f05df4c71c2ea692710b66e545fc599d7c0e568ae73e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2103.16415","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2103.16415","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2103.16415v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2103.16415","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FXDFAV6Z4JDO","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FXDFAV6Z","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC6BO7JRY4F2","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2103.16415","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2021-03-30T15:13:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.soc-ph","q-bio.PE"],"title_canon_sha256":"47ae872e0427d3ea0fedbea7ebe9a7c8fc5f57a290747d917d8c62ec8f8444c2","abstract_canon_sha256":"442070db174770acaebc016cc9421995897c5320377fc61a74e73e65e0d2cf4b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2dc65057d9e246ee45e2f05df4c71c2ea692710b66e545fc599d7c0e568ae73e","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06.268112Z","signature_b64":"CuRIh+Pj8swI2IAparDWGxyPPye+G1i/FyJn6RzBofs7ABUB0GIHDjpdlvwMl9giLSYDiNMYrzT/MK0Q7cZlAA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"2dc65057d9e246ee45e2f05df4c71c2ea692710b66e545fc599d7c0e568ae73e","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06.267730Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06.267730Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2103.16415","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IeRn2ZU/8+5K6DMOJWVQNSiRwgJ3qpqaiOwS25SP637PIj7q+kIqqZ1Po26KnLPmk/l1tJL59738anb+k+hMDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T08:32:25.079540Z"},"content_sha256":"90a4246ba21022ec7ef9d56709da14adff884c9065592c32499553fa458acfaf","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:90a4246ba21022ec7ef9d56709da14adff884c9065592c32499553fa458acfaf"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC6BO7JRY4F2","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Virus transmission by aerosol transport during short conversations","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.soc-ph","q-bio.PE"],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Rama Govindarajan, Rohit Singhal, Sourabh S. Diwan, S. Ravichandran","submitted_at":"2021-03-30T15:13:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Pathogens like the SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted not only through violent expiratory events like coughing, but also through routine activities like breathing/speaking/singing. We perform direct numerical simulations of the turbulent transport of potentially infectious aerosols in short conversations. It is shown that a two-way conversation significantly reduces the aerosol exposure compared to a relative monologue by one person and relative silence of the other. This is because the interaction of the jets ejected from the mouth of each speaker produce a \"canceling\" effect. Unequal conversation is"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2103.16415","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2103.16415/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BLV7nkljzc4jFAEtKYEq9SDMx3tiAAl/39wjJeIuZftIxqw0a+l2nu7EenaOBlRNrwbBb6S9e7fg1AaJn+7HCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T08:32:25.080143Z"},"content_sha256":"60617f454a9c7d2dc525bf4cc11ee304f4f7f89a0f34fd851a735e49051062b4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:60617f454a9c7d2dc525bf4cc11ee304f4f7f89a0f34fd851a735e49051062b4"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC6BO7JRY4F2/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC6BO7JRY4F2/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC6BO7JRY4F2/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-04T08:32:25Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC6BO7JRY4F2","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC6BO7JRY4F2/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC6BO7JRY4F2/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC6BO7JRY4F2/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC6BO7JRY4F2","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"442070db174770acaebc016cc9421995897c5320377fc61a74e73e65e0d2cf4b","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.soc-ph","q-bio.PE"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2021-03-30T15:13:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"47ae872e0427d3ea0fedbea7ebe9a7c8fc5f57a290747d917d8c62ec8f8444c2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2103.16415","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2103.16415","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2103.16415v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2103.16415","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"FXDFAV6Z4JDO","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"FXDFAV6Z4JDO4RPC","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"FXDFAV6Z","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:60617f454a9c7d2dc525bf4cc11ee304f4f7f89a0f34fd851a735e49051062b4","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2103.16415/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Pathogens like the SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted not only through violent expiratory events like coughing, but also through routine activities like breathing/speaking/singing. We perform direct numerical simulations of the turbulent transport of potentially infectious aerosols in short conversations. It is shown that a two-way conversation significantly reduces the aerosol exposure compared to a relative monologue by one person and relative silence of the other. This is because the interaction of the jets ejected from the mouth of each speaker produce a \"canceling\" effect. Unequal conversation is","authors_text":"Rama Govindarajan, Rohit Singhal, Sourabh S. Diwan, S. Ravichandran","cross_cats":["physics.soc-ph","q-bio.PE"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2021-03-30T15:13:47Z","title":"Virus transmission by aerosol transport during short conversations"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2103.16415","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:90a4246ba21022ec7ef9d56709da14adff884c9065592c32499553fa458acfaf","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"442070db174770acaebc016cc9421995897c5320377fc61a74e73e65e0d2cf4b","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.soc-ph","q-bio.PE"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2021-03-30T15:13:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"47ae872e0427d3ea0fedbea7ebe9a7c8fc5f57a290747d917d8c62ec8f8444c2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2103.16415","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"2dc65057d9e246ee45e2f05df4c71c2ea692710b66e545fc599d7c0e568ae73e","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2dc65057d9e246ee45e2f05df4c71c2ea692710b66e545fc599d7c0e568ae73e","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06.267730Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06.267730Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"CuRIh+Pj8swI2IAparDWGxyPPye+G1i/FyJn6RzBofs7ABUB0GIHDjpdlvwMl9giLSYDiNMYrzT/MK0Q7cZlAA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:58:06.268112Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2103.16415","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:90a4246ba21022ec7ef9d56709da14adff884c9065592c32499553fa458acfaf","sha256:60617f454a9c7d2dc525bf4cc11ee304f4f7f89a0f34fd851a735e49051062b4"],"state_sha256":"68cb048e54288ca2ecf510de075f0442fd33ffb61cf7fd59ca4fd840a5d4a316"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"dSJ4t4WkmEJgGGGwZRfG4sKwKUvRntnVhX9HszhRjnNynJ5N6QzmD3xBGk3p4TkpyHRo+u6iHsVPinERPJ/KDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T08:32:25.084021Z","bundle_sha256":"e20c88164845cf4581a4e1c20cc8a0c8de1b245cd1b722a1a6df4371c0880ec4"}}