{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:G56SF3GQGVG54RIMXY6VU4JMOP","short_pith_number":"pith:G56SF3GQ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2309.11552","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2023-09-20T18:00:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc"],"title_canon_sha256":"96df100b3af2acac925b034da1d0abef3d4e9b686eebeddbccd749aeb659fb7f","abstract_canon_sha256":"4b0e97fb9a915d50ed5e97050b39e91c31940bf7bc59b56a1449cd52afa72c54"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"377d22ecd0354dde450cbe3d5a712c73fcb7d037866a9b6e9e236c7b515976fa","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2309.11552","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.11552","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.11552v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.11552","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"G56SF3GQGVG5","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"G56SF3GQGVG54RIM","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"G56SF3GQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:G56SF3GQGVG54RIMXY6VU4JMOP","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2309.11552","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2023-09-20T18:00:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc"],"title_canon_sha256":"96df100b3af2acac925b034da1d0abef3d4e9b686eebeddbccd749aeb659fb7f","abstract_canon_sha256":"4b0e97fb9a915d50ed5e97050b39e91c31940bf7bc59b56a1449cd52afa72c54"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"377d22ecd0354dde450cbe3d5a712c73fcb7d037866a9b6e9e236c7b515976fa","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23.069230Z","signature_b64":"qcNcjkvA/b/DiMO9AKvLoX1lIRNsld/JnufNzFVkeoWPVI7eQCvbTOSz5hQVz9GVgxQPGUkaMpTeNm4mNlQVDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"377d22ecd0354dde450cbe3d5a712c73fcb7d037866a9b6e9e236c7b515976fa","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23.068769Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23.068769Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2309.11552","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8C9hSLrXBIAQoMAMcxXaiyJX6L5EvJM0ttpgQqfCotWyI0GWx3T1UC1cr3k98OVJA3mGxCA82Nt9G/OouJ/nCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T15:46:21.529424Z"},"content_sha256":"723917bb0ade46ab5ff47564c50bc155fa05b8a5cfd68f6a8ada6e38e6f1765c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:723917bb0ade46ab5ff47564c50bc155fa05b8a5cfd68f6a8ada6e38e6f1765c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:G56SF3GQGVG54RIMXY6VU4JMOP","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The many tensions with dark-matter based models and implications on the nature of the Universe","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["gr-qc"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"Eda Gjergo (Nanjing), Elena Asencio (Bonn), Ingo Thies (Bonn), Jan Pflamm-Altenburg (Bonn), Moritz Haslbauer (Bonn), Nick Samaras (Prague), Nils Wittenburg (Bonn), Pavel Kroupa (Bonn, Prague), Wolfgang Oehm (Bonn)","submitted_at":"2023-09-20T18:00:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"(Abridged) Fundamental tensions between observations and dark-matter based cosmological models have emerged. This updated review has two purposes: to explore new tensions that have arisen in recent years, compounding the unresolved tensions from previous studies, and to use the shortcomings of the current theory to guide the development of a successful model. Tensions arise in view of the profusion of thin disk galaxies, the pronounced symmetrical structure of the Local Group of Galaxies, the common occurrence of planes of satellite systems, the El Gordo and Bullet galaxy clusters, significant"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.11552","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2309.11552/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"0PqaYb5i+ytuzEzIpRjCCFe5pYTaA1SJnF87dljULCkko1BnFLtD0KC3gZuK2PQAG+sAMQJxsloO+qLGhsThDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T15:46:21.530104Z"},"content_sha256":"3e2e9f4069831b725fa7b3c1944cf5e83bea4e1fa53022f3e75484d569933521","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3e2e9f4069831b725fa7b3c1944cf5e83bea4e1fa53022f3e75484d569933521"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/G56SF3GQGVG54RIMXY6VU4JMOP/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/G56SF3GQGVG54RIMXY6VU4JMOP/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/G56SF3GQGVG54RIMXY6VU4JMOP/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-07T15:46:21Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/G56SF3GQGVG54RIMXY6VU4JMOP","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/G56SF3GQGVG54RIMXY6VU4JMOP/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/G56SF3GQGVG54RIMXY6VU4JMOP/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/G56SF3GQGVG54RIMXY6VU4JMOP/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:G56SF3GQGVG54RIMXY6VU4JMOP","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4b0e97fb9a915d50ed5e97050b39e91c31940bf7bc59b56a1449cd52afa72c54","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2023-09-20T18:00:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"96df100b3af2acac925b034da1d0abef3d4e9b686eebeddbccd749aeb659fb7f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.11552","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.11552","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.11552v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.11552","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"G56SF3GQGVG5","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"G56SF3GQGVG54RIM","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"G56SF3GQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3e2e9f4069831b725fa7b3c1944cf5e83bea4e1fa53022f3e75484d569933521","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2309.11552/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"(Abridged) Fundamental tensions between observations and dark-matter based cosmological models have emerged. This updated review has two purposes: to explore new tensions that have arisen in recent years, compounding the unresolved tensions from previous studies, and to use the shortcomings of the current theory to guide the development of a successful model. Tensions arise in view of the profusion of thin disk galaxies, the pronounced symmetrical structure of the Local Group of Galaxies, the common occurrence of planes of satellite systems, the El Gordo and Bullet galaxy clusters, significant","authors_text":"Eda Gjergo (Nanjing), Elena Asencio (Bonn), Ingo Thies (Bonn), Jan Pflamm-Altenburg (Bonn), Moritz Haslbauer (Bonn), Nick Samaras (Prague), Nils Wittenburg (Bonn), Pavel Kroupa (Bonn, Prague), Wolfgang Oehm (Bonn)","cross_cats":["gr-qc"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2023-09-20T18:00:03Z","title":"The many tensions with dark-matter based models and implications on the nature of the Universe"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.11552","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:723917bb0ade46ab5ff47564c50bc155fa05b8a5cfd68f6a8ada6e38e6f1765c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4b0e97fb9a915d50ed5e97050b39e91c31940bf7bc59b56a1449cd52afa72c54","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2023-09-20T18:00:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"96df100b3af2acac925b034da1d0abef3d4e9b686eebeddbccd749aeb659fb7f"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.11552","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"377d22ecd0354dde450cbe3d5a712c73fcb7d037866a9b6e9e236c7b515976fa","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"377d22ecd0354dde450cbe3d5a712c73fcb7d037866a9b6e9e236c7b515976fa","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23.068769Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23.068769Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"qcNcjkvA/b/DiMO9AKvLoX1lIRNsld/JnufNzFVkeoWPVI7eQCvbTOSz5hQVz9GVgxQPGUkaMpTeNm4mNlQVDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:54:23.069230Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2309.11552","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:723917bb0ade46ab5ff47564c50bc155fa05b8a5cfd68f6a8ada6e38e6f1765c","sha256:3e2e9f4069831b725fa7b3c1944cf5e83bea4e1fa53022f3e75484d569933521"],"state_sha256":"6c2278a4204acc0793849d606e94d7aed4565b2046d5c31f98639f933ef767c5"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vljwjrd4eY6s4edZJSdzeCam4y1iKlpyA7t8d0kpAglsEtTA2rZn1edzmXZaYTi2DPNndGH0kvKt0X30EerpCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T15:46:21.536277Z","bundle_sha256":"cab468004cc8346d0b41c7783dac792c2bf16ec13db22104f7a91743b979a26c"}}