{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N35RPZBC7UQ","short_pith_number":"pith:GAP7DCM2","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2402.12576","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-02-19T21:57:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"34409b4fab5835648d410a86a6b0d87ad966c0faf83bf72c219e038bc01dca19","abstract_canon_sha256":"9be2b6084c706676f6375a298fbe7d4aea36dfbfb4cbabf9b551ca71d1f68252"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"301ff1899ad155fcc34ddf62fc845fa42b1530a7c36d8d0b7bb498f469498adf","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2402.12576","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2402.12576","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2402.12576v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.12576","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GAP7DCM22FK7","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GAP7DCM2","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N35RPZBC7UQ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2402.12576","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-02-19T21:57:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"34409b4fab5835648d410a86a6b0d87ad966c0faf83bf72c219e038bc01dca19","abstract_canon_sha256":"9be2b6084c706676f6375a298fbe7d4aea36dfbfb4cbabf9b551ca71d1f68252"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"301ff1899ad155fcc34ddf62fc845fa42b1530a7c36d8d0b7bb498f469498adf","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13.196558Z","signature_b64":"Knd444r+3NR2/hGlGSsWhZd+TOAnJDrb1ciuCp+ip5kn0a7m67hRUOuJdQgROzNCAKa1PziBOIxZyLNDBRjdDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"301ff1899ad155fcc34ddf62fc845fa42b1530a7c36d8d0b7bb498f469498adf","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13.196094Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13.196094Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2402.12576","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"LH+PqBjcVQEj30AUzVxuBSyHbdnjyDYZ08d5g+Qmi8fkFJ1dODrExJC1K3rmd2PrsUvixOVINcqxo5sIeNzbAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T20:06:59.413909Z"},"content_sha256":"fd0466bfc4a1c6b4f544b1e7935d649f771e8e83b364fa77edd498fe20527a20","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:fd0466bfc4a1c6b4f544b1e7935d649f771e8e83b364fa77edd498fe20527a20"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N35RPZBC7UQ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Understanding Difference-in-differences methods to evaluate policy effects with staggered adoption: an application to Medicaid and HIV","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Andrew J. Spieker, Bryan E. Shepherd, Julia C. Thome, Peter F. Rebeiro","submitted_at":"2024-02-19T21:57:40Z","abstract_excerpt":"While a randomized control trial is considered the gold standard for estimating causal treatment effects, there are many research settings in which randomization is infeasible or unethical. In such cases, researchers rely on analytical methods for observational data to explore causal relationships. Difference-in-differences (DID) is one such method that, most commonly, estimates a difference in some mean outcome in a group before and after the implementation of an intervention or policy and compares this with a control group followed over the same time (i.e., a group that did not implement the"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2402.12576","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2402.12576/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"f0MvCIrml9L160TQ/z4sVpt/V9rvki03dgLgnCWjPoJ29zwN5IjG0Ct8JFDe8mQgbGCt0Gs6o/4ydhtZ80I/Ag==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T20:06:59.414665Z"},"content_sha256":"c21916e0ad56fe89e9b967b0261de8f07084c61a702862ea51f9c8c43c8ca5d1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c21916e0ad56fe89e9b967b0261de8f07084c61a702862ea51f9c8c43c8ca5d1"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N35RPZBC7UQ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N35RPZBC7UQ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N35RPZBC7UQ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-18T20:06:59Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N35RPZBC7UQ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N35RPZBC7UQ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N35RPZBC7UQ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N35RPZBC7UQ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N35RPZBC7UQ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9be2b6084c706676f6375a298fbe7d4aea36dfbfb4cbabf9b551ca71d1f68252","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-02-19T21:57:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"34409b4fab5835648d410a86a6b0d87ad966c0faf83bf72c219e038bc01dca19"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2402.12576","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2402.12576","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2402.12576v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2402.12576","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GAP7DCM22FK7","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GAP7DCM22FK7ZQ2N","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GAP7DCM2","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c21916e0ad56fe89e9b967b0261de8f07084c61a702862ea51f9c8c43c8ca5d1","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2402.12576/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"While a randomized control trial is considered the gold standard for estimating causal treatment effects, there are many research settings in which randomization is infeasible or unethical. In such cases, researchers rely on analytical methods for observational data to explore causal relationships. Difference-in-differences (DID) is one such method that, most commonly, estimates a difference in some mean outcome in a group before and after the implementation of an intervention or policy and compares this with a control group followed over the same time (i.e., a group that did not implement the","authors_text":"Andrew J. Spieker, Bryan E. Shepherd, Julia C. Thome, Peter F. Rebeiro","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-02-19T21:57:40Z","title":"Understanding Difference-in-differences methods to evaluate policy effects with staggered adoption: an application to Medicaid and HIV"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2402.12576","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:fd0466bfc4a1c6b4f544b1e7935d649f771e8e83b364fa77edd498fe20527a20","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9be2b6084c706676f6375a298fbe7d4aea36dfbfb4cbabf9b551ca71d1f68252","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2024-02-19T21:57:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"34409b4fab5835648d410a86a6b0d87ad966c0faf83bf72c219e038bc01dca19"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2402.12576","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"301ff1899ad155fcc34ddf62fc845fa42b1530a7c36d8d0b7bb498f469498adf","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"301ff1899ad155fcc34ddf62fc845fa42b1530a7c36d8d0b7bb498f469498adf","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13.196094Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13.196094Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Knd444r+3NR2/hGlGSsWhZd+TOAnJDrb1ciuCp+ip5kn0a7m67hRUOuJdQgROzNCAKa1PziBOIxZyLNDBRjdDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:47:13.196558Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2402.12576","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:fd0466bfc4a1c6b4f544b1e7935d649f771e8e83b364fa77edd498fe20527a20","sha256:c21916e0ad56fe89e9b967b0261de8f07084c61a702862ea51f9c8c43c8ca5d1"],"state_sha256":"3d1ee0b5f4eb407a2b16e9013ef3536b196568ff00f764f5ed411fbf018c388d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xyzXl7/HqfWpWKA2+71pnYDxtNbxnxNMlZZc0LNH7sBxk56iqmbBOuSwXvDBu1h7iuXPoFxWVIGFelkMTQTdAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-18T20:06:59.421969Z","bundle_sha256":"a89ef94229d3c89772262362ab0ec30f9308e3180b65a81360527a8d50de9522"}}