{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2025:GBKTN26REPICXTYHJZHD3DEX22","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"423f82db95711fea7a9536ae33788c5f10d0df6bc3bebc9b386c8ece5d196de8","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2025-03-19T00:06:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"0a7141f359757571ec700c1f44eb4f656c49c45595bef1b100bbbfc14138e783"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2503.14795","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2503.14795","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:34:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2503.14795v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:34:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2503.14795","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:34:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GBKTN26REPIC","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:34:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GBKTN26REPICXTYH","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:34:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GBKTN26R","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:34:24Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:bf4694c3a16894cc6dfe3f6af802b6993767c5d008916f27e67b2e3d2224cebf","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:34:24Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2503.14795/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Observational data is often readily available in large quantities, but can lead to biased causal effect estimates due to the presence of unobserved confounding. Recent works attempt to remove this bias by supplementing observational data with experimental data, which, when available, is typically on a smaller scale due to the time and cost involved in running a randomised controlled trial. In this work, we prove a theorem that places fundamental limits on this ``best of both worlds'' approach. Using the framework of impossible inference, we show that although it is possible to use experimental","authors_text":"Athanasios Vlontzos, Ciar\\'an Mark Gilligan-Lee, Jake Fawkes, Michael O'Riordan, Oriol Corcoll","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2025-03-19T00:06:23Z","title":"The Hardness of Validating Observational Studies with Experimental Data"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2503.14795","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:127cb1c41a4c7bd045a6f9e3de987ffa62873dea369f1caeb0739e1ddeba1987","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:34:24Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"423f82db95711fea7a9536ae33788c5f10d0df6bc3bebc9b386c8ece5d196de8","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2025-03-19T00:06:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"0a7141f359757571ec700c1f44eb4f656c49c45595bef1b100bbbfc14138e783"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2503.14795","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"305536ebd123d02bcf074e4e3d8c97d6834a8c02081e71d314561ac56d8326f7","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"305536ebd123d02bcf074e4e3d8c97d6834a8c02081e71d314561ac56d8326f7","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:34:24.285568Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:34:24.285568Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"cfSdYDuYrD8SvcvIfUFOypLA6MJ0WD9mv5VV25xxD/xHJ6Azmvf5K6FsIKlrgQpmWTzAr0GMQNi5xkHiSokQDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:34:24.286400Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2503.14795","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:127cb1c41a4c7bd045a6f9e3de987ffa62873dea369f1caeb0739e1ddeba1987","sha256:bf4694c3a16894cc6dfe3f6af802b6993767c5d008916f27e67b2e3d2224cebf"],"state_sha256":"cee2bb24098b8a92749e5bd1a0ea6b54dbd55f6128586e3af221aa9e75ca2fdb"}