{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4NWC3K3BVLFG","short_pith_number":"pith:GBNCXL2Y","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.07998","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-04-21T17:02:20Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"293ef9aef4a31602aa47b59a512c796992e21fadcf878761c694c04547a28b29","abstract_canon_sha256":"0e7cd4c544a99ad445186b218a68d79594f326765a460fadd1b4cc235798698b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"305a2baf587acc030f8db0b6ad86ab29b9878348b1d0aaffaec5685f88e837c1","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1804.07998","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.07998","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.07998v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.07998","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GBNCXL2YPLGA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4N","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GBNCXL2Y","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:25Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4NWC3K3BVLFG","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.07998","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-04-21T17:02:20Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"293ef9aef4a31602aa47b59a512c796992e21fadcf878761c694c04547a28b29","abstract_canon_sha256":"0e7cd4c544a99ad445186b218a68d79594f326765a460fadd1b4cc235798698b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"305a2baf587acc030f8db0b6ad86ab29b9878348b1d0aaffaec5685f88e837c1","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58.810833Z","signature_b64":"J6G+tbvX00uHSfJHxbKOITTL4oXkGuhqQJdF2itv+heZLIfUkq++BphnwW9iAWVMFvuXogROQF6et5U/zbzkAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"305a2baf587acc030f8db0b6ad86ab29b9878348b1d0aaffaec5685f88e837c1","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58.810201Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58.810201Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1804.07998","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Mrh907wyluncAI448AlEB9M/Lt+bb04YzZ1dG8I4pVlZ4JF5kwfRcV/N/78YHjIMj927Uj7vRVGkuiW3V2SrCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T18:27:25.784487Z"},"content_sha256":"fb2c2978bf8fbdcbd377600dcff4b28183778180c0563f6ae1305e60f3ae3a42","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:fb2c2978bf8fbdcbd377600dcff4b28183778180c0563f6ae1305e60f3ae3a42"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4NWC3K3BVLFG","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Generating Natural Language Adversarial Examples","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Ahmed Elgohary, Bo-Jhang Ho, Kai-Wei Chang, Mani Srivastava, Moustafa Alzantot, Yash Sharma","submitted_at":"2018-04-21T17:02:20Z","abstract_excerpt":"Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial examples, perturbations to correctly classified examples which can cause the model to misclassify. In the image domain, these perturbations are often virtually indistinguishable to human perception, causing humans and state-of-the-art models to disagree. However, in the natural language domain, small perturbations are clearly perceptible, and the replacement of a single word can drastically alter the semantics of the document. Given these challenges, we use a black-box population-based optimization algorithm to generate semantically and"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.07998","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JPFQFm1SYjaa1eBlXqgBXFuIH6X9Nobbs4V0BWhqGl8PBgSBjEJ5SPMSqyj840zJthFlNj3j6MjOYMmhUEw+Bg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T18:27:25.784926Z"},"content_sha256":"a1c60df027a8437efe3da609886cb617271c054bf215b67f4210a0172899440d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a1c60df027a8437efe3da609886cb617271c054bf215b67f4210a0172899440d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4NWC3K3BVLFG/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4NWC3K3BVLFG/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4NWC3K3BVLFG/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-31T18:27:25Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4NWC3K3BVLFG","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4NWC3K3BVLFG/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4NWC3K3BVLFG/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4NWC3K3BVLFG/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4NWC3K3BVLFG","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0e7cd4c544a99ad445186b218a68d79594f326765a460fadd1b4cc235798698b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-04-21T17:02:20Z","title_canon_sha256":"293ef9aef4a31602aa47b59a512c796992e21fadcf878761c694c04547a28b29"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.07998","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.07998","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.07998v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.07998","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GBNCXL2YPLGA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GBNCXL2YPLGAGD4N","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GBNCXL2Y","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:25Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:a1c60df027a8437efe3da609886cb617271c054bf215b67f4210a0172899440d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial examples, perturbations to correctly classified examples which can cause the model to misclassify. In the image domain, these perturbations are often virtually indistinguishable to human perception, causing humans and state-of-the-art models to disagree. However, in the natural language domain, small perturbations are clearly perceptible, and the replacement of a single word can drastically alter the semantics of the document. Given these challenges, we use a black-box population-based optimization algorithm to generate semantically and","authors_text":"Ahmed Elgohary, Bo-Jhang Ho, Kai-Wei Chang, Mani Srivastava, Moustafa Alzantot, Yash Sharma","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-04-21T17:02:20Z","title":"Generating Natural Language Adversarial Examples"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.07998","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:fb2c2978bf8fbdcbd377600dcff4b28183778180c0563f6ae1305e60f3ae3a42","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"0e7cd4c544a99ad445186b218a68d79594f326765a460fadd1b4cc235798698b","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-04-21T17:02:20Z","title_canon_sha256":"293ef9aef4a31602aa47b59a512c796992e21fadcf878761c694c04547a28b29"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.07998","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"305a2baf587acc030f8db0b6ad86ab29b9878348b1d0aaffaec5685f88e837c1","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"305a2baf587acc030f8db0b6ad86ab29b9878348b1d0aaffaec5685f88e837c1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58.810201Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58.810201Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"J6G+tbvX00uHSfJHxbKOITTL4oXkGuhqQJdF2itv+heZLIfUkq++BphnwW9iAWVMFvuXogROQF6et5U/zbzkAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:58.810833Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1804.07998","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:fb2c2978bf8fbdcbd377600dcff4b28183778180c0563f6ae1305e60f3ae3a42","sha256:a1c60df027a8437efe3da609886cb617271c054bf215b67f4210a0172899440d"],"state_sha256":"a5ada893f39c7ab11e11029326086949829c85a96be1cbedbbf4a3ae032fbe5e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"afi9AEtN3OpEcgERPkQMKshQvY+YYrgIsI+yGK0tealK285LbkAso3Z+ChyGF1Gm0PPy1wbNY2CGEe7qOaeCDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-31T18:27:25.787206Z","bundle_sha256":"3660dda868e7b965f3d6486f5c6c4ff4ee0bfcebe61d020c9008036d126b5218"}}