{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:GC23YPONLMDWYSCZHSSQPMINTD","short_pith_number":"pith:GC23YPON","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2207.05666","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-07-12T16:49:28Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d99666a5dd507096cae41d9a39857441f3817098c72e3a6ebc6b38e73179fcd4","abstract_canon_sha256":"155aefddaed2cd973340a44a0665125fa18433de61449bbbfd13a9dcb5381ba4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"30b5bc3dcd5b076c48593ca507b10d98e6e857a13a0415e9656a2221c7513568","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2207.05666","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2207.05666","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2207.05666v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2207.05666","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GC23YPONLMDW","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GC23YPONLMDWYSCZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GC23YPON","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:GC23YPONLMDWYSCZHSSQPMINTD","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2207.05666","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-07-12T16:49:28Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d99666a5dd507096cae41d9a39857441f3817098c72e3a6ebc6b38e73179fcd4","abstract_canon_sha256":"155aefddaed2cd973340a44a0665125fa18433de61449bbbfd13a9dcb5381ba4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"30b5bc3dcd5b076c48593ca507b10d98e6e857a13a0415e9656a2221c7513568","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45.238161Z","signature_b64":"1F0ITbE1HoDSd0mGb855KQXObgAuEflPe/3EFcbBpNyDiMHCuL3KuqQZfxxC1DL9CgoTs6yqIFNW71zKoPg+Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"30b5bc3dcd5b076c48593ca507b10d98e6e857a13a0415e9656a2221c7513568","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45.237707Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45.237707Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2207.05666","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"oyTc66xVS7iebeucIwmbmckhb+Re9iWl58qQnjfJIoAfPmt6ajfFalszcVv3yhOhybO5nYNIhtsqHxh19eJzAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T04:16:01.827388Z"},"content_sha256":"32e8e8251e26bbc653f6e084f2e888e2223fe0f5abe565d4dc9353341628db92","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:32e8e8251e26bbc653f6e084f2e888e2223fe0f5abe565d4dc9353341628db92"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:GC23YPONLMDWYSCZHSSQPMINTD","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfer is Under-specified Optimization","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Benjamin Van Durme, Mark Dredze, Shijie Wu","submitted_at":"2022-07-12T16:49:28Z","abstract_excerpt":"Pretrained multilingual encoders enable zero-shot cross-lingual transfer, but often produce unreliable models that exhibit high performance variance on the target language. We postulate that this high variance results from zero-shot cross-lingual transfer solving an under-specified optimization problem. We show that any linear-interpolated model between the source language monolingual model and source + target bilingual model has equally low source language generalization error, yet the target language generalization error reduces smoothly and linearly as we move from the monolingual to biling"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2207.05666","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2207.05666/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"tOnpkIKkxu42qyH/QkBUb3AcvydjSL8HRVwcT/gUDo2ZB4Q/aN96YRwCBuK1oT8tPMszlCVSkyy3pE1ZlcBcAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T04:16:01.827877Z"},"content_sha256":"91402b57b7ef46128ef9654588518494167a5216ac35cabc7769bab8fccfc883","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:91402b57b7ef46128ef9654588518494167a5216ac35cabc7769bab8fccfc883"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GC23YPONLMDWYSCZHSSQPMINTD/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GC23YPONLMDWYSCZHSSQPMINTD/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GC23YPONLMDWYSCZHSSQPMINTD/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-07T04:16:01Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/GC23YPONLMDWYSCZHSSQPMINTD","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/GC23YPONLMDWYSCZHSSQPMINTD/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/GC23YPONLMDWYSCZHSSQPMINTD/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GC23YPONLMDWYSCZHSSQPMINTD/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:GC23YPONLMDWYSCZHSSQPMINTD","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"155aefddaed2cd973340a44a0665125fa18433de61449bbbfd13a9dcb5381ba4","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-07-12T16:49:28Z","title_canon_sha256":"d99666a5dd507096cae41d9a39857441f3817098c72e3a6ebc6b38e73179fcd4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2207.05666","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2207.05666","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2207.05666v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2207.05666","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GC23YPONLMDW","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GC23YPONLMDWYSCZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GC23YPON","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:91402b57b7ef46128ef9654588518494167a5216ac35cabc7769bab8fccfc883","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2207.05666/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Pretrained multilingual encoders enable zero-shot cross-lingual transfer, but often produce unreliable models that exhibit high performance variance on the target language. We postulate that this high variance results from zero-shot cross-lingual transfer solving an under-specified optimization problem. We show that any linear-interpolated model between the source language monolingual model and source + target bilingual model has equally low source language generalization error, yet the target language generalization error reduces smoothly and linearly as we move from the monolingual to biling","authors_text":"Benjamin Van Durme, Mark Dredze, Shijie Wu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-07-12T16:49:28Z","title":"Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfer is Under-specified Optimization"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2207.05666","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:32e8e8251e26bbc653f6e084f2e888e2223fe0f5abe565d4dc9353341628db92","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"155aefddaed2cd973340a44a0665125fa18433de61449bbbfd13a9dcb5381ba4","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-07-12T16:49:28Z","title_canon_sha256":"d99666a5dd507096cae41d9a39857441f3817098c72e3a6ebc6b38e73179fcd4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2207.05666","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"30b5bc3dcd5b076c48593ca507b10d98e6e857a13a0415e9656a2221c7513568","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"30b5bc3dcd5b076c48593ca507b10d98e6e857a13a0415e9656a2221c7513568","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45.237707Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45.237707Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"1F0ITbE1HoDSd0mGb855KQXObgAuEflPe/3EFcbBpNyDiMHCuL3KuqQZfxxC1DL9CgoTs6yqIFNW71zKoPg+Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:39:45.238161Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2207.05666","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:32e8e8251e26bbc653f6e084f2e888e2223fe0f5abe565d4dc9353341628db92","sha256:91402b57b7ef46128ef9654588518494167a5216ac35cabc7769bab8fccfc883"],"state_sha256":"08930beaa308576cc475c26ffcf57d4a26e903ee94f7f3f697966d074684f5fd"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"blijMh/tHTohb35ufh1JXj7i8lOdIHvPFZaomb3gb7MT3Jkahu+15LclpEpieMiZbnXBy5WVOE9ZgAN7htH2AQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T04:16:01.831974Z","bundle_sha256":"b18bda24cf44be31cf36506cc60c64e75033f98f424ee5ea83d2a7a13ac2c7fe"}}