{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2007:GDU3AINTAQ4ITALKX4JZGEWUUI","short_pith_number":"pith:GDU3AINT","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"0706.1246","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2007-06-08T20:06:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d4212c3048c580e4a574ff1b81ae6ecb95fa8b545581684099b148de0fc4b415","abstract_canon_sha256":"a31ed810579d2bd366d585d47b1cfdf1d0199560eaaa5dd071f333be2d5c9004"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"30e9b021b3043889816abf139312d4a2141dbf8eeb5b80808640f493ad033862","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"0706.1246","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"0706.1246","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"0706.1246v2","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.0706.1246","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GDU3AINTAQ4I","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GDU3AINTAQ4ITALK","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GDU3AINT","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2007:GDU3AINTAQ4ITALKX4JZGEWUUI","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"0706.1246","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2007-06-08T20:06:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d4212c3048c580e4a574ff1b81ae6ecb95fa8b545581684099b148de0fc4b415","abstract_canon_sha256":"a31ed810579d2bd366d585d47b1cfdf1d0199560eaaa5dd071f333be2d5c9004"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"30e9b021b3043889816abf139312d4a2141dbf8eeb5b80808640f493ad033862","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08.444688Z","signature_b64":"IEAnwIkCOnGd+SrLQ2FieF+TooWJLlP2H7ijT2fUNDc4+cYMO1xI6jL+t2bK/msAnsopCF/gLk1J9f5VKjXECg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"30e9b021b3043889816abf139312d4a2141dbf8eeb5b80808640f493ad033862","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08.444331Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08.444331Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"0706.1246","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TFkYX8i0MLEY5Qh89WelrudHkxa6xFi/zFIhCllW8YB80+8hX+h4g+TW8WH/XCm/x0PJWO0t9nTUNs23iFv8Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-10T12:41:26.255880Z"},"content_sha256":"505e509c18dcd1579591857cabbbcb6a3d4275be1a75e451c4b2ec618b98143f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:505e509c18dcd1579591857cabbbcb6a3d4275be1a75e451c4b2ec618b98143f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2007:GDU3AINTAQ4ITALKX4JZGEWUUI","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Cosmological Framework for the Co-Evolution of Quasars, Supermassive Black Holes, and Elliptical Galaxies: II. Formation of Red Ellipticals","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph","authors_text":"Dusan Keres, Lars Hernquist (Harvard/CfA), Philip F. Hopkins, Thomas J. Cox","submitted_at":"2007-06-08T20:06:22Z","abstract_excerpt":"(Abridged) We develop and test a model for the cosmological role of mergers in the formation and quenching of red, early-type galaxies. Making the ansatz that star formation is quenched after a gas-rich, spheroid-forming major merger, we demonstrate that this naturally predicts the turnover in the efficiency of star formation at ~L_star, as well as the observed mass functions/density of red galaxies as a function of redshift, the formation times of spheroids as a function of mass, and the fraction of quenched galaxies as a function of galaxy and halo mass, environment, and redshift. Comparing "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"0706.1246","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/0706.1246/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ajRHyyY5PktI9a3EUKdk6SYexSuJHIQz//eLzpwGTZ3Re5266AJwhbPBJRJ5qFDDMcbZrbH5vlGoerPCC+3vDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-10T12:41:26.256264Z"},"content_sha256":"63edb76fa0f22fe36590ba2ce255503f5e23ff8583ddabebf6f7a40386885011","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:63edb76fa0f22fe36590ba2ce255503f5e23ff8583ddabebf6f7a40386885011"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GDU3AINTAQ4ITALKX4JZGEWUUI/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GDU3AINTAQ4ITALKX4JZGEWUUI/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GDU3AINTAQ4ITALKX4JZGEWUUI/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-10T12:41:26Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/GDU3AINTAQ4ITALKX4JZGEWUUI","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/GDU3AINTAQ4ITALKX4JZGEWUUI/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/GDU3AINTAQ4ITALKX4JZGEWUUI/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GDU3AINTAQ4ITALKX4JZGEWUUI/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2007:GDU3AINTAQ4ITALKX4JZGEWUUI","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a31ed810579d2bd366d585d47b1cfdf1d0199560eaaa5dd071f333be2d5c9004","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2007-06-08T20:06:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"d4212c3048c580e4a574ff1b81ae6ecb95fa8b545581684099b148de0fc4b415"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"0706.1246","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"0706.1246","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"0706.1246v2","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.0706.1246","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GDU3AINTAQ4I","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GDU3AINTAQ4ITALK","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GDU3AINT","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:63edb76fa0f22fe36590ba2ce255503f5e23ff8583ddabebf6f7a40386885011","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/0706.1246/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"(Abridged) We develop and test a model for the cosmological role of mergers in the formation and quenching of red, early-type galaxies. Making the ansatz that star formation is quenched after a gas-rich, spheroid-forming major merger, we demonstrate that this naturally predicts the turnover in the efficiency of star formation at ~L_star, as well as the observed mass functions/density of red galaxies as a function of redshift, the formation times of spheroids as a function of mass, and the fraction of quenched galaxies as a function of galaxy and halo mass, environment, and redshift. Comparing ","authors_text":"Dusan Keres, Lars Hernquist (Harvard/CfA), Philip F. Hopkins, Thomas J. Cox","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2007-06-08T20:06:22Z","title":"A Cosmological Framework for the Co-Evolution of Quasars, Supermassive Black Holes, and Elliptical Galaxies: II. Formation of Red Ellipticals"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"0706.1246","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:505e509c18dcd1579591857cabbbcb6a3d4275be1a75e451c4b2ec618b98143f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a31ed810579d2bd366d585d47b1cfdf1d0199560eaaa5dd071f333be2d5c9004","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2007-06-08T20:06:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"d4212c3048c580e4a574ff1b81ae6ecb95fa8b545581684099b148de0fc4b415"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"0706.1246","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"30e9b021b3043889816abf139312d4a2141dbf8eeb5b80808640f493ad033862","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"30e9b021b3043889816abf139312d4a2141dbf8eeb5b80808640f493ad033862","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08.444331Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08.444331Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"IEAnwIkCOnGd+SrLQ2FieF+TooWJLlP2H7ijT2fUNDc4+cYMO1xI6jL+t2bK/msAnsopCF/gLk1J9f5VKjXECg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-04T17:04:08.444688Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"0706.1246","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:505e509c18dcd1579591857cabbbcb6a3d4275be1a75e451c4b2ec618b98143f","sha256:63edb76fa0f22fe36590ba2ce255503f5e23ff8583ddabebf6f7a40386885011"],"state_sha256":"7f38351af9312f8bf25db25bd20950082b99f6bdd6830deac1819f2c41da7ce4"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rDIGPeOZ2zJV1C7bO/N+sSMqMztRfXZR2VKPWDTzKx9mDzPEqaf9JtKT1vpLflrzqwcK8aU/pulwQf7mCrCjCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-10T12:41:26.258229Z","bundle_sha256":"9ce3f5bccee6110b764c9379dd7f3cdf3133ed33b0757b72f79e7265d641e32b"}}