{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE4SD2V7LX33","short_pith_number":"pith:GGPEGYQG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2104.14937","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-04-30T12:02:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e091684d17b0633b36217e9931741e897aa5fb19ebeef3cfe1315013106f00c6","abstract_canon_sha256":"6aa6c50b37aed500bfccf47b4ec19c416f15d34c685756e1949535690dd57510"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"319e4362067473dacb24e487aafd77def343ed43faf37f4ba6a4734c2126f17f","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2104.14937","version":5},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2104.14937","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2104.14937v5","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2104.14937","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GGPEGYQGORZ5","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GGPEGYQG","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE4SD2V7LX33","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2104.14937","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-04-30T12:02:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e091684d17b0633b36217e9931741e897aa5fb19ebeef3cfe1315013106f00c6","abstract_canon_sha256":"6aa6c50b37aed500bfccf47b4ec19c416f15d34c685756e1949535690dd57510"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"319e4362067473dacb24e487aafd77def343ed43faf37f4ba6a4734c2126f17f","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54.926584Z","signature_b64":"mV890cTwh75DVpYueR5jfHnc3osm96kEpZqNjfiXpyGAbwXluw1HS6iHrIKAut9rbezYHorKvgse5QYz1pMpDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"319e4362067473dacb24e487aafd77def343ed43faf37f4ba6a4734c2126f17f","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54.926088Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54.926088Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2104.14937","source_version":5,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"og6ZCJ1Aayb7i64icQkyDxd+aSDncPU6WI0UvNNFlcy59x30psozngV0MFUwvSOdXAhkJCv7yhIyJBnS6SBbBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T20:59:05.225417Z"},"content_sha256":"a979534a599130d714cf43bc90c283a24866070f2e1c0f8dc41d379df0b9832b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a979534a599130d714cf43bc90c283a24866070f2e1c0f8dc41d379df0b9832b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE4SD2V7LX33","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Federated Learning with Fair Averaging","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Chenglu Wen, Cheng Wang, Jianzhong Qi, Rongshan Yu, Xiaoliang Fan, Zheng Wang","submitted_at":"2021-04-30T12:02:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"Fairness has emerged as a critical problem in federated learning (FL). In this work, we identify a cause of unfairness in FL -- conflicting gradients with large differences in the magnitudes. To address this issue, we propose the federated fair averaging (FedFV) algorithm to mitigate potential conflicts among clients before averaging their gradients. We first use the cosine similarity to detect gradient conflicts, and then iteratively eliminate such conflicts by modifying both the direction and the magnitude of the gradients. We further show the theoretical foundation of FedFV to mitigate the "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2104.14937","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2104.14937/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"NGUAlGQFO3K/pFvDdmiGq9dVlVmvltA4QYikfCVJd6qa9OKVgRhncmphj8EwidPoXwOb/GAZGl7WnMLS+qDxCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T20:59:05.225914Z"},"content_sha256":"7ff54780a88d39eaa72efbffce09ea6a67e4336140de24505c4f09425feb0e86","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7ff54780a88d39eaa72efbffce09ea6a67e4336140de24505c4f09425feb0e86"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE4SD2V7LX33/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE4SD2V7LX33/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE4SD2V7LX33/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T20:59:05Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE4SD2V7LX33","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE4SD2V7LX33/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE4SD2V7LX33/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE4SD2V7LX33/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE4SD2V7LX33","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6aa6c50b37aed500bfccf47b4ec19c416f15d34c685756e1949535690dd57510","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-04-30T12:02:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"e091684d17b0633b36217e9931741e897aa5fb19ebeef3cfe1315013106f00c6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2104.14937","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2104.14937","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2104.14937v5","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2104.14937","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GGPEGYQGORZ5","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GGPEGYQGORZ5VSZE","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GGPEGYQG","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7ff54780a88d39eaa72efbffce09ea6a67e4336140de24505c4f09425feb0e86","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2104.14937/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Fairness has emerged as a critical problem in federated learning (FL). In this work, we identify a cause of unfairness in FL -- conflicting gradients with large differences in the magnitudes. To address this issue, we propose the federated fair averaging (FedFV) algorithm to mitigate potential conflicts among clients before averaging their gradients. We first use the cosine similarity to detect gradient conflicts, and then iteratively eliminate such conflicts by modifying both the direction and the magnitude of the gradients. We further show the theoretical foundation of FedFV to mitigate the ","authors_text":"Chenglu Wen, Cheng Wang, Jianzhong Qi, Rongshan Yu, Xiaoliang Fan, Zheng Wang","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-04-30T12:02:03Z","title":"Federated Learning with Fair Averaging"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2104.14937","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a979534a599130d714cf43bc90c283a24866070f2e1c0f8dc41d379df0b9832b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6aa6c50b37aed500bfccf47b4ec19c416f15d34c685756e1949535690dd57510","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2021-04-30T12:02:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"e091684d17b0633b36217e9931741e897aa5fb19ebeef3cfe1315013106f00c6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2104.14937","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"canonical_sha256":"319e4362067473dacb24e487aafd77def343ed43faf37f4ba6a4734c2126f17f","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"319e4362067473dacb24e487aafd77def343ed43faf37f4ba6a4734c2126f17f","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54.926088Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54.926088Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"mV890cTwh75DVpYueR5jfHnc3osm96kEpZqNjfiXpyGAbwXluw1HS6iHrIKAut9rbezYHorKvgse5QYz1pMpDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:49:54.926584Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2104.14937","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":5}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a979534a599130d714cf43bc90c283a24866070f2e1c0f8dc41d379df0b9832b","sha256:7ff54780a88d39eaa72efbffce09ea6a67e4336140de24505c4f09425feb0e86"],"state_sha256":"727cbb594975f0093816b5decb6b4d14aad4020404ae723cb1f669afdd387d36"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"CvZBoa8Lu6KDnVz/S9lANum+umQJjcBuw9iRgJcqXN0cKmDNQHOP0DrJJeGRet4hLvYNM92xD16RpNu3bZ8sBw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T20:59:05.230732Z","bundle_sha256":"adfcf65e629c74e2087a17871404189ebfb451ce2bce9321d4a2a665e6bbcaad"}}