{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAMZTOSOHLGOD","short_pith_number":"pith:GJVHBVXS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2003.08039","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2020-03-18T04:29:42Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"f500355d21930ab958768d1e82f14713439072bb38f5b99285cb2ee622379911","abstract_canon_sha256":"f27d8245a715b71f91f937521de43a18a4251b1ccab807b3a2d76b8d5c838fae"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"326a70d6f2460b7d4c0cccdd271d6670df7dcd5376773a45252ed0a78c2ebbe5","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2003.08039","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2003.08039","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2003.08039v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2003.08039","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GJVHBVXSIYFX","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAM","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GJVHBVXS","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAMZTOSOHLGOD","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2003.08039","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2020-03-18T04:29:42Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"f500355d21930ab958768d1e82f14713439072bb38f5b99285cb2ee622379911","abstract_canon_sha256":"f27d8245a715b71f91f937521de43a18a4251b1ccab807b3a2d76b8d5c838fae"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"326a70d6f2460b7d4c0cccdd271d6670df7dcd5376773a45252ed0a78c2ebbe5","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13.744108Z","signature_b64":"znmT8eKBu1Aav9fkL4w7ztu7K/Mu2XGNpcDZXXn2RCE5UsyS7+nDcw0zquRKvNGS1B2A5dWr9tKgi9BqrtIGBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"326a70d6f2460b7d4c0cccdd271d6670df7dcd5376773a45252ed0a78c2ebbe5","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13.743572Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13.743572Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2003.08039","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UgCncVsN3f8mPoCkzMF3Z2G1WuvWexY82XPIe6Rz2xKw2yV1p3eLGlFOG7HMs9A5chnTmsWp2qrvxDTE+RpeDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T01:13:31.463785Z"},"content_sha256":"2dbaf05d3b87fa35fce57aa5418c869e0d47e69f999d70daecca5b13ad92fb0f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2dbaf05d3b87fa35fce57aa5418c869e0d47e69f999d70daecca5b13ad92fb0f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAMZTOSOHLGOD","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"ROMA: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Emergent Roles","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.MA","authors_text":"Chongjie Zhang, Heng Dong, Tonghan Wang, Victor Lesser","submitted_at":"2020-03-18T04:29:42Z","abstract_excerpt":"The role concept provides a useful tool to design and understand complex multi-agent systems, which allows agents with a similar role to share similar behaviors. However, existing role-based methods use prior domain knowledge and predefine role structures and behaviors. In contrast, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) provides flexibility and adaptability, but less efficiency in complex tasks. In this paper, we synergize these two paradigms and propose a role-oriented MARL framework (ROMA). In this framework, roles are emergent, and agents with similar roles tend to share their learning "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2003.08039","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2003.08039/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rUC5+f39zkcu7fhktqOr/hoRM3XSI0w8s/DrNzEu2gtfGMTzfwgaHujq73JWmzv4gsF3JVLd8/g2lTwUMn5XDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T01:13:31.464273Z"},"content_sha256":"d6e5d934c69ba306c04b3d972c48707ef832db4b34aa3f196666b4b141557979","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d6e5d934c69ba306c04b3d972c48707ef832db4b34aa3f196666b4b141557979"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAMZTOSOHLGOD/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAMZTOSOHLGOD/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAMZTOSOHLGOD/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-10T01:13:31Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAMZTOSOHLGOD","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAMZTOSOHLGOD/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAMZTOSOHLGOD/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAMZTOSOHLGOD/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAMZTOSOHLGOD","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f27d8245a715b71f91f937521de43a18a4251b1ccab807b3a2d76b8d5c838fae","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2020-03-18T04:29:42Z","title_canon_sha256":"f500355d21930ab958768d1e82f14713439072bb38f5b99285cb2ee622379911"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2003.08039","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2003.08039","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2003.08039v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2003.08039","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GJVHBVXSIYFX","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GJVHBVXSIYFX2TAM","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GJVHBVXS","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d6e5d934c69ba306c04b3d972c48707ef832db4b34aa3f196666b4b141557979","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2003.08039/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The role concept provides a useful tool to design and understand complex multi-agent systems, which allows agents with a similar role to share similar behaviors. However, existing role-based methods use prior domain knowledge and predefine role structures and behaviors. In contrast, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) provides flexibility and adaptability, but less efficiency in complex tasks. In this paper, we synergize these two paradigms and propose a role-oriented MARL framework (ROMA). In this framework, roles are emergent, and agents with similar roles tend to share their learning ","authors_text":"Chongjie Zhang, Heng Dong, Tonghan Wang, Victor Lesser","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2020-03-18T04:29:42Z","title":"ROMA: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Emergent Roles"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2003.08039","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:2dbaf05d3b87fa35fce57aa5418c869e0d47e69f999d70daecca5b13ad92fb0f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f27d8245a715b71f91f937521de43a18a4251b1ccab807b3a2d76b8d5c838fae","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2020-03-18T04:29:42Z","title_canon_sha256":"f500355d21930ab958768d1e82f14713439072bb38f5b99285cb2ee622379911"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2003.08039","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"326a70d6f2460b7d4c0cccdd271d6670df7dcd5376773a45252ed0a78c2ebbe5","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"326a70d6f2460b7d4c0cccdd271d6670df7dcd5376773a45252ed0a78c2ebbe5","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13.743572Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13.743572Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"znmT8eKBu1Aav9fkL4w7ztu7K/Mu2XGNpcDZXXn2RCE5UsyS7+nDcw0zquRKvNGS1B2A5dWr9tKgi9BqrtIGBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:16:13.744108Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2003.08039","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:2dbaf05d3b87fa35fce57aa5418c869e0d47e69f999d70daecca5b13ad92fb0f","sha256:d6e5d934c69ba306c04b3d972c48707ef832db4b34aa3f196666b4b141557979"],"state_sha256":"eb3035306a627c4b60c8733889a47b468a2911502498784af1b5a16cc509ccff"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4I4sNbf7A0/6ztxE1aBeJFWXtAeCAxrrQxs8UJor98euRuEiw/Ym58bRPTk4+GWCohtNJR0ki0CsaiD4JzjJCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T01:13:31.468086Z","bundle_sha256":"dcae5c7c48dc74f5c91279be6417644e37fa2ad042e7bf8247ccdc660b8bb2b6"}}