{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:GLMB3FBIFM4B7EGUQKWBMLDRYR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"30974046e7d32536a95a94362b1e1fff196c1559011d38065e4f0d96dd227393","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2017-02-02T02:02:13Z","title_canon_sha256":"5413379f23ecd2ecd5c05d80e112f49312e4efec877b3583b0fbcaa6b0b402cd"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1702.00525","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1702.00525","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:21:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1702.00525v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:21:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1702.00525","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:21:41Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GLMB3FBIFM4B","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GLMB3FBIFM4B7EGU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GLMB3FBI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:18Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:bfdcc4c6c9fea4a590e4151bfc7e4543d8daba4758a54777c6059125881cf59d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:21:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Effect modification means the magnitude or stability of a treatment effect varies as a function of an observed covariate. Generally, larger and more stable treatment effects are insensitive to larger biases from unmeasured covariates, so a causal conclusion may be considerably firmer if this pattern is noted if it occurs. We propose a new strategy, called the submax-method, that combines exploratory and confirmatory efforts to determine whether there is stronger evidence of causality - that is, greater insensitivity to unmeasured confounding - in some subgroups of individuals. It uses the join","authors_text":"Dylan S. Small, Kwonsang Lee, Paul R. Rosenbaum","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2017-02-02T02:02:13Z","title":"A powerful approach to the study of moderate effect modification in observational studies"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1702.00525","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9877d798ec2725561b7659279790cbe032df25144aa9112888e2544d5cc48d1b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:21:41Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"30974046e7d32536a95a94362b1e1fff196c1559011d38065e4f0d96dd227393","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2017-02-02T02:02:13Z","title_canon_sha256":"5413379f23ecd2ecd5c05d80e112f49312e4efec877b3583b0fbcaa6b0b402cd"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1702.00525","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"32d81d94282b381f90d482ac162c71c44c400f901ab9878b6830ff22dc1a78b7","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"32d81d94282b381f90d482ac162c71c44c400f901ab9878b6830ff22dc1a78b7","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:21:41.230020Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:21:41.230020Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"2Sq6UqMk7X1sZQTG3DlxtC9mj9r7FaT6SRdQR9R6qCDTZLb+jxiuPkBKeR82CvRLuZ9QXOGLsPQF15lDv6VsCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:21:41.230608Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1702.00525","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9877d798ec2725561b7659279790cbe032df25144aa9112888e2544d5cc48d1b","sha256:bfdcc4c6c9fea4a590e4151bfc7e4543d8daba4758a54777c6059125881cf59d"],"state_sha256":"4a503c29bac389f7e8fbc9bbf69a3cce138e29c0c38929f3174fe2808f3fef92"}