{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:GMSQYBQENCBTZ25IHVHUUB5OC2","short_pith_number":"pith:GMSQYBQE","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1103.4282","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2011-03-22T14:58:20Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DB"],"title_canon_sha256":"1310978c2b5fe0fed83a148eb6e8df9bae1734a41932ad554402d191c09c16ea","abstract_canon_sha256":"cc32ff8e817e611350f7dbeea019e35d1d728043da90e5ed130fa4492ed24350"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"33250c060468833ceba83d4f4a07ae16a086b20d343e2dd9eddce3717c4ca142","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1103.4282","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1103.4282","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1103.4282v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1103.4282","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GMSQYBQENCBT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GMSQYBQENCBTZ25I","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GMSQYBQE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:30Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2011:GMSQYBQENCBTZ25IHVHUUB5OC2","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1103.4282","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2011-03-22T14:58:20Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DB"],"title_canon_sha256":"1310978c2b5fe0fed83a148eb6e8df9bae1734a41932ad554402d191c09c16ea","abstract_canon_sha256":"cc32ff8e817e611350f7dbeea019e35d1d728043da90e5ed130fa4492ed24350"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"33250c060468833ceba83d4f4a07ae16a086b20d343e2dd9eddce3717c4ca142","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11.740462Z","signature_b64":"0NBcGi91lMHAvR9eZjMN1wokmXPIjkRhKzXB8kotpTzpLtYkKhJHBYLxtHg+X9z82/p88+5KWRy+nQQ61hcHCA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"33250c060468833ceba83d4f4a07ae16a086b20d343e2dd9eddce3717c4ca142","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11.740036Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11.740036Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1103.4282","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"0GvD8RakVhxYKKlqEVvXg/RVH0bBjAthDK+ogDBHqUjzdv4+/z23Zm8SbqLsz053zhUWXair/AfNc/kLwHtKBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-07T16:21:27.154417Z"},"content_sha256":"f7bb6bf496100ef76442ca1c156be770edd23c0679b5d2542b5698a177688071","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f7bb6bf496100ef76442ca1c156be770edd23c0679b5d2542b5698a177688071"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2011:GMSQYBQENCBTZ25IHVHUUB5OC2","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Stratified B-trees and versioning dictionaries","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.DB"],"primary_cat":"cs.DS","authors_text":"Andrew Byde, Andy Twigg, Grzegorz Milos, John Wilkes, Tim Moreton, Tom Wilkie","submitted_at":"2011-03-22T14:58:20Z","abstract_excerpt":"A classic versioned data structure in storage and computer science is the copy-on-write (CoW) B-tree -- it underlies many of today's file systems and databases, including WAFL, ZFS, Btrfs and more. Unfortunately, it doesn't inherit the B-tree's optimality properties; it has poor space utilization, cannot offer fast updates, and relies on random IO to scale. Yet, nothing better has been developed since. We describe the `stratified B-tree', which beats all known semi-external memory versioned B-trees, including the CoW B-tree. In particular, it is the first versioned dictionary to achieve optima"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1103.4282","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"z8Foo5iw2iBnU3jvQrHdp88eCJe63yQ5LpF8MIXpK8bE3u6GJThceq0r2Ob9TKswc4ajVt1ULajyWLJwiF27Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-07T16:21:27.154784Z"},"content_sha256":"3a4960270a28046412e034de88bfd3979421c2937f59cbc93aa3c439d41f8153","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3a4960270a28046412e034de88bfd3979421c2937f59cbc93aa3c439d41f8153"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GMSQYBQENCBTZ25IHVHUUB5OC2/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GMSQYBQENCBTZ25IHVHUUB5OC2/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GMSQYBQENCBTZ25IHVHUUB5OC2/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-07T16:21:27Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/GMSQYBQENCBTZ25IHVHUUB5OC2","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/GMSQYBQENCBTZ25IHVHUUB5OC2/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/GMSQYBQENCBTZ25IHVHUUB5OC2/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GMSQYBQENCBTZ25IHVHUUB5OC2/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:GMSQYBQENCBTZ25IHVHUUB5OC2","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cc32ff8e817e611350f7dbeea019e35d1d728043da90e5ed130fa4492ed24350","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DB"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2011-03-22T14:58:20Z","title_canon_sha256":"1310978c2b5fe0fed83a148eb6e8df9bae1734a41932ad554402d191c09c16ea"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1103.4282","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1103.4282","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1103.4282v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1103.4282","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GMSQYBQENCBT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GMSQYBQENCBTZ25I","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GMSQYBQE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:30Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3a4960270a28046412e034de88bfd3979421c2937f59cbc93aa3c439d41f8153","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"A classic versioned data structure in storage and computer science is the copy-on-write (CoW) B-tree -- it underlies many of today's file systems and databases, including WAFL, ZFS, Btrfs and more. Unfortunately, it doesn't inherit the B-tree's optimality properties; it has poor space utilization, cannot offer fast updates, and relies on random IO to scale. Yet, nothing better has been developed since. We describe the `stratified B-tree', which beats all known semi-external memory versioned B-trees, including the CoW B-tree. In particular, it is the first versioned dictionary to achieve optima","authors_text":"Andrew Byde, Andy Twigg, Grzegorz Milos, John Wilkes, Tim Moreton, Tom Wilkie","cross_cats":["cs.DB"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2011-03-22T14:58:20Z","title":"Stratified B-trees and versioning dictionaries"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1103.4282","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f7bb6bf496100ef76442ca1c156be770edd23c0679b5d2542b5698a177688071","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cc32ff8e817e611350f7dbeea019e35d1d728043da90e5ed130fa4492ed24350","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DB"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DS","submitted_at":"2011-03-22T14:58:20Z","title_canon_sha256":"1310978c2b5fe0fed83a148eb6e8df9bae1734a41932ad554402d191c09c16ea"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1103.4282","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"33250c060468833ceba83d4f4a07ae16a086b20d343e2dd9eddce3717c4ca142","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"33250c060468833ceba83d4f4a07ae16a086b20d343e2dd9eddce3717c4ca142","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11.740036Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11.740036Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"0NBcGi91lMHAvR9eZjMN1wokmXPIjkRhKzXB8kotpTzpLtYkKhJHBYLxtHg+X9z82/p88+5KWRy+nQQ61hcHCA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:22:11.740462Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1103.4282","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f7bb6bf496100ef76442ca1c156be770edd23c0679b5d2542b5698a177688071","sha256:3a4960270a28046412e034de88bfd3979421c2937f59cbc93aa3c439d41f8153"],"state_sha256":"d61618282bff35e1fc07e134e5f9c8d498a9a4246bd2b21d94bb648c2050872d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"SXzEHvwy1q1fUfXzv62B1B6Xey3+qbS2jBjYZDZuMkLWBhW174VWnhLzyoa/qJu71q8jM7Psvy1QTtEnpvCDDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-07T16:21:27.158663Z","bundle_sha256":"4a998b985e0d4d37c0f96fbe30a2a0d921c02c962d58b8e2797309fb87328719"}}