{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVLKGYU4D56YC","short_pith_number":"pith:GQN5QCHW","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2411.16337","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-11-25T12:33:14Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.HC"],"title_canon_sha256":"2978ee21271dafaf0cd9a269f9df96253c66b8b623b1e14be67c0c993cff7850","abstract_canon_sha256":"06ea530b6500cc312e1d7fe6dc845b8122c75014077585a9db10b3def0c8bbf5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"341bd808f63424cba2ab51b14e0fbec0a48264b73048add255903d187a11e871","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2411.16337","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2411.16337","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2411.16337v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.16337","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GQN5QCHWGQSM","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVL","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GQN5QCHW","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVLKGYU4D56YC","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2411.16337","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-11-25T12:33:14Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.HC"],"title_canon_sha256":"2978ee21271dafaf0cd9a269f9df96253c66b8b623b1e14be67c0c993cff7850","abstract_canon_sha256":"06ea530b6500cc312e1d7fe6dc845b8122c75014077585a9db10b3def0c8bbf5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"341bd808f63424cba2ab51b14e0fbec0a48264b73048add255903d187a11e871","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07.842688Z","signature_b64":"oBYEyyfzv7iRjVD/oQcLwq0roCIECpdlerfl4GqiB1RN73rGPbcdHGBmlw4UDjrN7cQlwU7aIuJVdiByHgLvCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"341bd808f63424cba2ab51b14e0fbec0a48264b73048add255903d187a11e871","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07.842274Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07.842274Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2411.16337","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"CzlzwnxgrGk44MdyMwh8E3K1RKilEzd9XvbwdG5gBspZH3kDiccW60r6TVj0rEuUest/RYFFVuvAjdUJhnBFBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T23:21:24.737673Z"},"content_sha256":"f3a071ce77740f4da16622518c08361c4fb016902d7c6693cf55feb4497f6d49","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f3a071ce77740f4da16622518c08361c4fb016902d7c6693cf55feb4497f6d49"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVLKGYU4D56YC","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Can AI grade your essays? A comparative analysis of large language models and teacher ratings in multidimensional essay scoring","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.HC"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Babette B\\\"uhler, Enkelejda Kasneci, Kathrin Se{\\ss}ler, Maurice F\\\"urstenberg","submitted_at":"2024-11-25T12:33:14Z","abstract_excerpt":"The manual assessment and grading of student writing is a time-consuming yet critical task for teachers. Recent developments in generative AI, such as large language models, offer potential solutions to facilitate essay-scoring tasks for teachers. In our study, we evaluate the performance and reliability of both open-source and closed-source LLMs in assessing German student essays, comparing their evaluations to those of 37 teachers across 10 pre-defined criteria (i.e., plot logic, expression). A corpus of 20 real-world essays from Year 7 and 8 students was analyzed using five LLMs: GPT-3.5, G"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2411.16337","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2411.16337/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+DKZ5lFTU/BCBujNN4hrwZz9w+pi3s5vboE5Qe7c1NYVVfx++Z5c+x4GJPcCH5Uu7nsVxyGUAw8YUYinh8zeCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T23:21:24.738193Z"},"content_sha256":"2a3630b091b143c9f7c4f5d30c74a9e2e99a6c17749a2bdb5c3a92db847fa86c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2a3630b091b143c9f7c4f5d30c74a9e2e99a6c17749a2bdb5c3a92db847fa86c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVLKGYU4D56YC/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVLKGYU4D56YC/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVLKGYU4D56YC/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-15T23:21:24Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVLKGYU4D56YC","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVLKGYU4D56YC/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVLKGYU4D56YC/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVLKGYU4D56YC/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVLKGYU4D56YC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"06ea530b6500cc312e1d7fe6dc845b8122c75014077585a9db10b3def0c8bbf5","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.HC"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-11-25T12:33:14Z","title_canon_sha256":"2978ee21271dafaf0cd9a269f9df96253c66b8b623b1e14be67c0c993cff7850"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2411.16337","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2411.16337","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2411.16337v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.16337","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GQN5QCHWGQSM","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GQN5QCHWGQSMXIVL","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GQN5QCHW","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2a3630b091b143c9f7c4f5d30c74a9e2e99a6c17749a2bdb5c3a92db847fa86c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2411.16337/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The manual assessment and grading of student writing is a time-consuming yet critical task for teachers. Recent developments in generative AI, such as large language models, offer potential solutions to facilitate essay-scoring tasks for teachers. In our study, we evaluate the performance and reliability of both open-source and closed-source LLMs in assessing German student essays, comparing their evaluations to those of 37 teachers across 10 pre-defined criteria (i.e., plot logic, expression). A corpus of 20 real-world essays from Year 7 and 8 students was analyzed using five LLMs: GPT-3.5, G","authors_text":"Babette B\\\"uhler, Enkelejda Kasneci, Kathrin Se{\\ss}ler, Maurice F\\\"urstenberg","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.HC"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-11-25T12:33:14Z","title":"Can AI grade your essays? A comparative analysis of large language models and teacher ratings in multidimensional essay scoring"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2411.16337","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f3a071ce77740f4da16622518c08361c4fb016902d7c6693cf55feb4497f6d49","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"06ea530b6500cc312e1d7fe6dc845b8122c75014077585a9db10b3def0c8bbf5","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.HC"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-11-25T12:33:14Z","title_canon_sha256":"2978ee21271dafaf0cd9a269f9df96253c66b8b623b1e14be67c0c993cff7850"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2411.16337","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"341bd808f63424cba2ab51b14e0fbec0a48264b73048add255903d187a11e871","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"341bd808f63424cba2ab51b14e0fbec0a48264b73048add255903d187a11e871","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07.842274Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07.842274Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"oBYEyyfzv7iRjVD/oQcLwq0roCIECpdlerfl4GqiB1RN73rGPbcdHGBmlw4UDjrN7cQlwU7aIuJVdiByHgLvCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:40:07.842688Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2411.16337","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f3a071ce77740f4da16622518c08361c4fb016902d7c6693cf55feb4497f6d49","sha256:2a3630b091b143c9f7c4f5d30c74a9e2e99a6c17749a2bdb5c3a92db847fa86c"],"state_sha256":"ac30ab0f2f6a06c8495386540eeb37be84a199fcfaa67652baa88daf7a896038"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8n7llDfvavfuCW8K5dSen+ude+jfZKx4CdTLxuZ9m5MBnFVs48AisgoixxtdTH5AoaJdfuENde76zN+j5/mRBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T23:21:24.743241Z","bundle_sha256":"9ec0fb77f1374f1714f8279cd95c822ea1956ec11ff1bb714f00d7a7b36a076c"}}