{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2019:GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P","short_pith_number":"pith:GS64GL7M","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"34bdc32fec14233338685d57f514b8fbd4bcab029b12924462746688a5a3aa86","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1904.11435","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Bitcoin and Blockchain: Security and Privacy","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Ehab Zaghloul, Jian Ren, Matt Mutka, Tongtong Li","submitted_at":"2019-04-25T16:16:06Z","abstract_excerpt":"A cryptocurrency is a decentralized digital currency that is designed for secure and private asset transfer and storage. As a currency, it should be difficult to counterfeit and double-spend. In this paper, we review and analyze the major security and privacy issues of Bitcoin. In particular, we focus on its underlying foundation, blockchain technology. First, we present a comprehensive background of Bitcoin and the preliminary on security. Second, the major security threats and countermeasures of Bitcoin are investigated. We analyze the risk of double-spending attacks, evaluate the probabilit"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1904.11435","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2019-04-25T16:16:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"c2db8f880e9401420baff2931c0be7f06748d333a27dc0a2858358160a858a43","abstract_canon_sha256":"5ebe72f3fce8a7b8a023649b09efc156963405f1ce4594453baed08683d722b7"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:44.877241Z","signature_b64":"WgiVKk56ZRH1WxyI7azLF5MEEhk1pB/1zIQDto/Sfj3D476OZmBucEhU5yvj6IpmL7YchKoUhQJC81CUE46cAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"34bdc32fec14233338685d57f514b8fbd4bcab029b12924462746688a5a3aa86","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:44.876549Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:44.876549Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Bitcoin and Blockchain: Security and Privacy","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Ehab Zaghloul, Jian Ren, Matt Mutka, Tongtong Li","submitted_at":"2019-04-25T16:16:06Z","abstract_excerpt":"A cryptocurrency is a decentralized digital currency that is designed for secure and private asset transfer and storage. As a currency, it should be difficult to counterfeit and double-spend. In this paper, we review and analyze the major security and privacy issues of Bitcoin. In particular, we focus on its underlying foundation, blockchain technology. First, we present a comprehensive background of Bitcoin and the preliminary on security. Second, the major security threats and countermeasures of Bitcoin are investigated. We analyze the risk of double-spending attacks, evaluate the probabilit"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1904.11435","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1904.11435","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:44.876672+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1904.11435v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:44.876672+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1904.11435","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:44.876672+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GS64GL7MCQRT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:18.533446+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GS64GL7MCQRTGODI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:18.533446+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GS64GL7M","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:18.533446+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P","json":"https://pith.science/pith/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/GS64GL7M"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/GS64GL7M","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1904.11435&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/GS64GL7MCQRTGODILVL7KFFY7P/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:44.876672+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-17T23:47:44.876672+00:00"}