{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2XGMHMLJNTKH","short_pith_number":"pith:GXFUHCF5","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2309.16289","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-28T09:35:59Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"3ce73524ef28ffa3ccac776b6e34f7d321882ce80cecfcf9ee59b530067bba3c","abstract_canon_sha256":"8cd2fb445f8fb0f4fed85201ac3e512ec521fdd501f916040752c2493027315d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"35cb4388bdbd1b982757330ec5a5b351e9cebd48651bf0590b7ab9f01824185a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2309.16289","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.16289","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.16289v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.16289","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GXFUHCF5XUNZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2X","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GXFUHCF5","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2XGMHMLJNTKH","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2309.16289","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-28T09:35:59Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"3ce73524ef28ffa3ccac776b6e34f7d321882ce80cecfcf9ee59b530067bba3c","abstract_canon_sha256":"8cd2fb445f8fb0f4fed85201ac3e512ec521fdd501f916040752c2493027315d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"35cb4388bdbd1b982757330ec5a5b351e9cebd48651bf0590b7ab9f01824185a","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14.111215Z","signature_b64":"LgaFWE2TU31Pa8Nl8yRLl2UCrD0S3SFicXnf0puHBDBBgQvOrklgenZDJL9LHJ9WzA9nOzFlFhd156OoY2UGDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"35cb4388bdbd1b982757330ec5a5b351e9cebd48651bf0590b7ab9f01824185a","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14.110783Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14.110783Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2309.16289","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"stEridurWzVSBvswSuVDa8/UchcA2051SeaX4CnMV7viGgT2lAmRhdRkvVfqtI8pH0Zao75Ins8LAyFKyDQOCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T21:13:18.297166Z"},"content_sha256":"4848d50a7f9c03df22d48669c65991adcd18bc2ad1150ea93a0aea109ea6eba9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4848d50a7f9c03df22d48669c65991adcd18bc2ad1150ea93a0aea109ea6eba9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2XGMHMLJNTKH","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language Models","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Dawei Zhu, Fengzhe Zhou, Jidong Ge, Kai Chen, Songyang Zhang, Xiaoyu Shen, Zhiwei Fei, Zhuo Han, Zongwen Shen","submitted_at":"2023-09-28T09:35:59Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in various aspects. However, when applying them to the highly specialized, safe-critical legal domain, it is unclear how much legal knowledge they possess and whether they can reliably perform legal-related tasks. To address this gap, we propose a comprehensive evaluation benchmark LawBench. LawBench has been meticulously crafted to have precise assessment of the LLMs' legal capabilities from three cognitive levels: (1) Legal knowledge memorization: whether LLMs can memorize needed legal concepts, articles and facts; (2) Legal "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.16289","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2309.16289/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"e2Qc9FpuySM5bJzfO5iqx6ATRDOo6GjTpwWTq4kEeJ7wt8Udw3Fm56RNX6uXzdS+NBGpd1TtRDGVCWXp+sQtCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T21:13:18.297659Z"},"content_sha256":"29223cc5a2854d76bcf6ff45bf7c9ac8d31672d758761ea726e4a07151365e2e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:29223cc5a2854d76bcf6ff45bf7c9ac8d31672d758761ea726e4a07151365e2e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2XGMHMLJNTKH/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2XGMHMLJNTKH/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2XGMHMLJNTKH/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T21:13:18Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2XGMHMLJNTKH","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2XGMHMLJNTKH/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2XGMHMLJNTKH/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2XGMHMLJNTKH/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2XGMHMLJNTKH","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8cd2fb445f8fb0f4fed85201ac3e512ec521fdd501f916040752c2493027315d","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-28T09:35:59Z","title_canon_sha256":"3ce73524ef28ffa3ccac776b6e34f7d321882ce80cecfcf9ee59b530067bba3c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.16289","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2309.16289","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2309.16289v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2309.16289","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GXFUHCF5XUNZ","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GXFUHCF5XUNZQJ2X","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GXFUHCF5","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:29223cc5a2854d76bcf6ff45bf7c9ac8d31672d758761ea726e4a07151365e2e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2309.16289/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in various aspects. However, when applying them to the highly specialized, safe-critical legal domain, it is unclear how much legal knowledge they possess and whether they can reliably perform legal-related tasks. To address this gap, we propose a comprehensive evaluation benchmark LawBench. LawBench has been meticulously crafted to have precise assessment of the LLMs' legal capabilities from three cognitive levels: (1) Legal knowledge memorization: whether LLMs can memorize needed legal concepts, articles and facts; (2) Legal ","authors_text":"Dawei Zhu, Fengzhe Zhou, Jidong Ge, Kai Chen, Songyang Zhang, Xiaoyu Shen, Zhiwei Fei, Zhuo Han, Zongwen Shen","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-28T09:35:59Z","title":"LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2309.16289","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4848d50a7f9c03df22d48669c65991adcd18bc2ad1150ea93a0aea109ea6eba9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8cd2fb445f8fb0f4fed85201ac3e512ec521fdd501f916040752c2493027315d","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-09-28T09:35:59Z","title_canon_sha256":"3ce73524ef28ffa3ccac776b6e34f7d321882ce80cecfcf9ee59b530067bba3c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2309.16289","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"35cb4388bdbd1b982757330ec5a5b351e9cebd48651bf0590b7ab9f01824185a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"35cb4388bdbd1b982757330ec5a5b351e9cebd48651bf0590b7ab9f01824185a","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14.110783Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14.110783Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"LgaFWE2TU31Pa8Nl8yRLl2UCrD0S3SFicXnf0puHBDBBgQvOrklgenZDJL9LHJ9WzA9nOzFlFhd156OoY2UGDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:55:14.111215Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2309.16289","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4848d50a7f9c03df22d48669c65991adcd18bc2ad1150ea93a0aea109ea6eba9","sha256:29223cc5a2854d76bcf6ff45bf7c9ac8d31672d758761ea726e4a07151365e2e"],"state_sha256":"c798342534fe1eb357e68c263dfe9ce2f35d74ecfaf9f9fbdc19279a45f813e4"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"gIw87oaTeW7a3pTgzBto/zvqQmo3pM9tNvuRXACRU3qxvERqlXSiQmixKT1OMbX0Grf0HEqWILyZqqoUiw5EBA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T21:13:18.301464Z","bundle_sha256":"439b45a8c301503505b345ed0197be6f01484c6a2a507958d28226775e74611d"}}