{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QLKQ55FJHSUR","short_pith_number":"pith:GXH7MQ73","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.19969","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-05-19T15:17:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"fa84d9dc967e688a00f4a31d7df8676e76523747ee9f0dd5b823416bd70c186c","abstract_canon_sha256":"7da20677586e1bc06ba599d5bd539797246f7a92dccac4b852479a349465a155"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"35cff643fbae660a720b543bd2a4f2a46e032b19fb8d9f31a64e6844514fb909","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2605.19969","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.19969","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.19969v1","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.19969","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GXH7MQ73VZTA","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QL","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GXH7MQ73","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QLKQ55FJHSUR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.19969","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-05-19T15:17:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"fa84d9dc967e688a00f4a31d7df8676e76523747ee9f0dd5b823416bd70c186c","abstract_canon_sha256":"7da20677586e1bc06ba599d5bd539797246f7a92dccac4b852479a349465a155"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"35cff643fbae660a720b543bd2a4f2a46e032b19fb8d9f31a64e6844514fb909","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57.614259Z","signature_b64":"FGYzNnMxK2XVEfJlr9kygdtrtkNEq/pB1HXgNJWKGjGhgV7r++Y7Ce0T1S5RHHq0UMp33BXByF30uTUz/i0pBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"35cff643fbae660a720b543bd2a4f2a46e032b19fb8d9f31a64e6844514fb909","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57.613577Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57.613577Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2605.19969","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"BvUd8dq4k9WP0pav924+us355vUyicBhzwH3EUQixq7g72xPHDxN4NfsUCV8WBgHs3M9bbRz9gyS+DM5OApXAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-21T21:13:21.150453Z"},"content_sha256":"a56ac935b9462f1b5a539202f9f435c7e990f796a5e2ee76f50263c60a0f04d2","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a56ac935b9462f1b5a539202f9f435c7e990f796a5e2ee76f50263c60a0f04d2"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QLKQ55FJHSUR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Your Neighbors Know: Leveraging Local Neighborhoods for Backdoor Detection in Decentralized Learning","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Anne-Marie Kermarrec, Antoine Boutet, Davide Frey, Dimitri Ler\\'ev\\'erend, Fran\\c{c}ois Ta\\\"iani, Martijn de Vos, Maxime Jacovella, Rachid Guerraoui, Romaric Gaudel, Sayan Biswas","submitted_at":"2026-05-19T15:17:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"Decentralized learning (DL) is an emerging machine learning paradigm where nodes collaboratively train models without a central server. However, the collaborative nature of DL makes it vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where a model is taught to behave normally on standard inputs while executing hidden, malicious actions when encountering data with specific triggers. Backdoor attacks in DL remain understudied and existing defenses often overlook DL constraints. We introduce Argus, a novel backdoor detection framework native to DL that requires neither a central coordinator nor prior knowledge of"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.19969","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.19969/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"crw4jGX3ArP6LRCI6w9apVnnzb7jd43Lo4oCUJGtfywsvQou9b/blD9DpfPa0dgLOa3pNZH+yz8yYV2FRkK0Aw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-21T21:13:21.150862Z"},"content_sha256":"2407343adfc61f35837d03c25ba0a53e3749b4f7485380f91add01b918bf3f6b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2407343adfc61f35837d03c25ba0a53e3749b4f7485380f91add01b918bf3f6b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QLKQ55FJHSUR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QLKQ55FJHSUR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QLKQ55FJHSUR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-21T21:13:21Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QLKQ55FJHSUR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QLKQ55FJHSUR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QLKQ55FJHSUR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QLKQ55FJHSUR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QLKQ55FJHSUR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7da20677586e1bc06ba599d5bd539797246f7a92dccac4b852479a349465a155","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-05-19T15:17:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"fa84d9dc967e688a00f4a31d7df8676e76523747ee9f0dd5b823416bd70c186c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.19969","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.19969","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.19969v1","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.19969","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"GXH7MQ73VZTA","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"GXH7MQ73VZTAU4QL","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"GXH7MQ73","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2407343adfc61f35837d03c25ba0a53e3749b4f7485380f91add01b918bf3f6b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2605.19969/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Decentralized learning (DL) is an emerging machine learning paradigm where nodes collaboratively train models without a central server. However, the collaborative nature of DL makes it vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where a model is taught to behave normally on standard inputs while executing hidden, malicious actions when encountering data with specific triggers. Backdoor attacks in DL remain understudied and existing defenses often overlook DL constraints. We introduce Argus, a novel backdoor detection framework native to DL that requires neither a central coordinator nor prior knowledge of","authors_text":"Anne-Marie Kermarrec, Antoine Boutet, Davide Frey, Dimitri Ler\\'ev\\'erend, Fran\\c{c}ois Ta\\\"iani, Martijn de Vos, Maxime Jacovella, Rachid Guerraoui, Romaric Gaudel, Sayan Biswas","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-05-19T15:17:01Z","title":"Your Neighbors Know: Leveraging Local Neighborhoods for Backdoor Detection in Decentralized Learning"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.19969","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a56ac935b9462f1b5a539202f9f435c7e990f796a5e2ee76f50263c60a0f04d2","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7da20677586e1bc06ba599d5bd539797246f7a92dccac4b852479a349465a155","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2026-05-19T15:17:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"fa84d9dc967e688a00f4a31d7df8676e76523747ee9f0dd5b823416bd70c186c"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.19969","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"35cff643fbae660a720b543bd2a4f2a46e032b19fb8d9f31a64e6844514fb909","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"35cff643fbae660a720b543bd2a4f2a46e032b19fb8d9f31a64e6844514fb909","first_computed_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57.613577Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57.613577Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"FGYzNnMxK2XVEfJlr9kygdtrtkNEq/pB1HXgNJWKGjGhgV7r++Y7Ce0T1S5RHHq0UMp33BXByF30uTUz/i0pBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-20T02:05:57.614259Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2605.19969","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a56ac935b9462f1b5a539202f9f435c7e990f796a5e2ee76f50263c60a0f04d2","sha256:2407343adfc61f35837d03c25ba0a53e3749b4f7485380f91add01b918bf3f6b"],"state_sha256":"d80c3c5afdca8a2ea3d90badaaf5d37b12941eb86d40c8ba3d62ae119735ee8b"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"kldJ6H9wFZL6RbzXwWCbzXMkbYyfz3su174brx9uCDYYjcvP1YppubfWWp2ABC3qcrYRN4HwPyEBoB4y3/QrBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-21T21:13:21.153479Z","bundle_sha256":"6e0b1f347d9d4e55f6dc580b526ee4d76b19aeafb12527f64ddefffb50857530"}}