{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:HAIB56ZWYG5THSRHOYALNQKZQ3","short_pith_number":"pith:HAIB56ZW","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1708.08151","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-08-27T23:00:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"7f81d2d15f3658cc174b08e3bc0c82bef15149b58282c33822a71ba9a2aaedae","abstract_canon_sha256":"062708f45cf038ee6d7c04e771100b1e6d4460958e986c8a4c92b2aa3e0a3369"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"38101efb36c1bb33ca277600b6c15986e9f18c0d07259dd0fe4bdb62003a381b","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1708.08151","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1708.08151","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1708.08151v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1708.08151","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HAIB56ZWYG5T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HAIB56ZWYG5THSRH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HAIB56ZW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:18Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:HAIB56ZWYG5THSRHOYALNQKZQ3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1708.08151","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-08-27T23:00:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"7f81d2d15f3658cc174b08e3bc0c82bef15149b58282c33822a71ba9a2aaedae","abstract_canon_sha256":"062708f45cf038ee6d7c04e771100b1e6d4460958e986c8a4c92b2aa3e0a3369"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"38101efb36c1bb33ca277600b6c15986e9f18c0d07259dd0fe4bdb62003a381b","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46.113567Z","signature_b64":"dz499hf/pWELitM8sPUpcWuOXTjdVHZtgw9/6GLGO5BpTmIlLveMIxi7Nt25PiWvRcHUZ1kNUyRpQlsWDCWGCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"38101efb36c1bb33ca277600b6c15986e9f18c0d07259dd0fe4bdb62003a381b","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46.112927Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46.112927Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1708.08151","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"co7pgm+d71oED6jC8fkJozbHKAWyET6iBzPvUxQx5o3mu5Sqn5KtzlhOhJR3jqwAq1oqCByV2HoGE2YDCq2+Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-02T09:45:45.809651Z"},"content_sha256":"c84a50b59bd2644a7365693ac6f2c0bd396937b340ab1887ff5172c60d98eea7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c84a50b59bd2644a7365693ac6f2c0bd396937b340ab1887ff5172c60d98eea7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:HAIB56ZWYG5THSRHOYALNQKZQ3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Automated Crowdturfing Attacks and Defenses in Online Review Systems","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Ben Y. Zhao, Bimal Viswanath, Haitao Zheng, Jenna Cryan, Yuanshun Yao","submitted_at":"2017-08-27T23:00:27Z","abstract_excerpt":"Malicious crowdsourcing forums are gaining traction as sources of spreading misinformation online, but are limited by the costs of hiring and managing human workers. In this paper, we identify a new class of attacks that leverage deep learning language models (Recurrent Neural Networks or RNNs) to automate the generation of fake online reviews for products and services. Not only are these attacks cheap and therefore more scalable, but they can control rate of content output to eliminate the signature burstiness that makes crowdsourced campaigns easy to detect.\n  Using Yelp reviews as an exampl"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1708.08151","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"cG+AWyRlE1hSQQ1DjaI7NEaeubLVS7QRKYJpNRT+bkAmxeMC5mFcjDujUKHFIqFqsfiH4IjTAkWgObeszOn+Dw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-02T09:45:45.809992Z"},"content_sha256":"20394112bdfb969b4ccff436a7eb8af88a2274de6ed861367558160018b1e0f1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:20394112bdfb969b4ccff436a7eb8af88a2274de6ed861367558160018b1e0f1"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HAIB56ZWYG5THSRHOYALNQKZQ3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HAIB56ZWYG5THSRHOYALNQKZQ3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HAIB56ZWYG5THSRHOYALNQKZQ3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-02T09:45:45Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/HAIB56ZWYG5THSRHOYALNQKZQ3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/HAIB56ZWYG5THSRHOYALNQKZQ3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/HAIB56ZWYG5THSRHOYALNQKZQ3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HAIB56ZWYG5THSRHOYALNQKZQ3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:HAIB56ZWYG5THSRHOYALNQKZQ3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"062708f45cf038ee6d7c04e771100b1e6d4460958e986c8a4c92b2aa3e0a3369","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-08-27T23:00:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"7f81d2d15f3658cc174b08e3bc0c82bef15149b58282c33822a71ba9a2aaedae"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1708.08151","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1708.08151","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1708.08151v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1708.08151","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HAIB56ZWYG5T","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HAIB56ZWYG5THSRH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HAIB56ZW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:18Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:20394112bdfb969b4ccff436a7eb8af88a2274de6ed861367558160018b1e0f1","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Malicious crowdsourcing forums are gaining traction as sources of spreading misinformation online, but are limited by the costs of hiring and managing human workers. In this paper, we identify a new class of attacks that leverage deep learning language models (Recurrent Neural Networks or RNNs) to automate the generation of fake online reviews for products and services. Not only are these attacks cheap and therefore more scalable, but they can control rate of content output to eliminate the signature burstiness that makes crowdsourced campaigns easy to detect.\n  Using Yelp reviews as an exampl","authors_text":"Ben Y. Zhao, Bimal Viswanath, Haitao Zheng, Jenna Cryan, Yuanshun Yao","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-08-27T23:00:27Z","title":"Automated Crowdturfing Attacks and Defenses in Online Review Systems"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1708.08151","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c84a50b59bd2644a7365693ac6f2c0bd396937b340ab1887ff5172c60d98eea7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"062708f45cf038ee6d7c04e771100b1e6d4460958e986c8a4c92b2aa3e0a3369","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-08-27T23:00:27Z","title_canon_sha256":"7f81d2d15f3658cc174b08e3bc0c82bef15149b58282c33822a71ba9a2aaedae"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1708.08151","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"38101efb36c1bb33ca277600b6c15986e9f18c0d07259dd0fe4bdb62003a381b","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"38101efb36c1bb33ca277600b6c15986e9f18c0d07259dd0fe4bdb62003a381b","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46.112927Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46.112927Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"dz499hf/pWELitM8sPUpcWuOXTjdVHZtgw9/6GLGO5BpTmIlLveMIxi7Nt25PiWvRcHUZ1kNUyRpQlsWDCWGCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:35:46.113567Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1708.08151","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c84a50b59bd2644a7365693ac6f2c0bd396937b340ab1887ff5172c60d98eea7","sha256:20394112bdfb969b4ccff436a7eb8af88a2274de6ed861367558160018b1e0f1"],"state_sha256":"6bab3bb1482197ddcc6e1a99dd70da3c3fa73347132f0d2567ec5f6f4ef841b1"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"qapajQF6M3PpU7LHLos+fet3oUey4AR9S8hBPl9pajXnkH1ob49lT7U/QtUTtaLmMcNyQBWwMnw8R60G/eS0Cg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-02T09:45:45.812091Z","bundle_sha256":"f4d9aba3a6646a2105bc1cf10e69fb1f522888ba1b8d3bea13e9d22399e26440"}}