{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2IT5P4B3CZ3","short_pith_number":"pith:HD2L6IWD","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.26413","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-05-26T00:41:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"6c0c9d12bc97cfae6053c1a94ac4150c070ce7802ee0cac29a0fcbd15bcac9f3","abstract_canon_sha256":"f5b6db937a254c9f3719cee4e5c08bddf56c71f6d22fa22a4af7ef74394d0a35"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"38f4bf22c390c8f1015a44fafe0762ced3413ec4e72074d77c0bd69bc7b270f4","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2605.26413","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.26413","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.26413v1","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.26413","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HD2L6IWDSDEP","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HD2L6IWD","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2IT5P4B3CZ3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.26413","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-05-26T00:41:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"6c0c9d12bc97cfae6053c1a94ac4150c070ce7802ee0cac29a0fcbd15bcac9f3","abstract_canon_sha256":"f5b6db937a254c9f3719cee4e5c08bddf56c71f6d22fa22a4af7ef74394d0a35"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"38f4bf22c390c8f1015a44fafe0762ced3413ec4e72074d77c0bd69bc7b270f4","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16.663257Z","signature_b64":"tm858IUU2NdXdDuH8pZQ+8PakRHnH8Z5Hg8LWSl65jNPmiuDgOCqKqe0srVOk5Ged2/iGh8ufioAf/W3J+BlDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"38f4bf22c390c8f1015a44fafe0762ced3413ec4e72074d77c0bd69bc7b270f4","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16.662651Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16.662651Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2605.26413","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"K7a1ukZaS5suoPLTUSbSKsE+FF9SOBo+cMzLQvOOCWSLf0vEQaJc2pSOHlIN9yd5hYrxbOw3Xq2DBi43ufXYCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T03:46:32.370208Z"},"content_sha256":"dcc26a98d252fb5bf4c78190632ff3632b03bbd6822d7ecdf8b46b1e6684f336","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:dcc26a98d252fb5bf4c78190632ff3632b03bbd6822d7ecdf8b46b1e6684f336"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2IT5P4B3CZ3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Confounder Detection via Treatment Intent: A New Observational Study Design","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Drago Plecko, Elias Bareinboim, Patrik Okanovic, Torsten Hoefler","submitted_at":"2026-05-26T00:41:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Understanding the effects of interventions is central to scientific progress, with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarded as the gold standard for causal inference in many applied fields. However, RCTs are costly, time-consuming, and often constrained by ethical or practical limitations, motivating the need for causal methods able to draw conclusions from observational data. While such data is collected at ever larger scale, making its use for causal inference is often hindered by the fact that not all variables affecting treatment allocation and the outcome are observed: an issue known "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.26413","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.26413/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"MOihxvwxCwVmzsho7lkuIrLicR+8/+9ZvDmcPpgLdQ8mzGrv6HdrpQp1oTXkcx0hBNot6GY1gR718LvxKmGdCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T03:46:32.370625Z"},"content_sha256":"e8d129d576b050d7041b02c11700599668fadf3e221d1f888ed88380f470fcc9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e8d129d576b050d7041b02c11700599668fadf3e221d1f888ed88380f470fcc9"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2IT5P4B3CZ3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2IT5P4B3CZ3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2IT5P4B3CZ3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-01T03:46:32Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2IT5P4B3CZ3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2IT5P4B3CZ3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2IT5P4B3CZ3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2IT5P4B3CZ3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2IT5P4B3CZ3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f5b6db937a254c9f3719cee4e5c08bddf56c71f6d22fa22a4af7ef74394d0a35","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-05-26T00:41:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"6c0c9d12bc97cfae6053c1a94ac4150c070ce7802ee0cac29a0fcbd15bcac9f3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.26413","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.26413","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.26413v1","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.26413","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HD2L6IWDSDEP","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HD2L6IWDSDEPCAK2","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HD2L6IWD","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e8d129d576b050d7041b02c11700599668fadf3e221d1f888ed88380f470fcc9","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2605.26413/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Understanding the effects of interventions is central to scientific progress, with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarded as the gold standard for causal inference in many applied fields. However, RCTs are costly, time-consuming, and often constrained by ethical or practical limitations, motivating the need for causal methods able to draw conclusions from observational data. While such data is collected at ever larger scale, making its use for causal inference is often hindered by the fact that not all variables affecting treatment allocation and the outcome are observed: an issue known ","authors_text":"Drago Plecko, Elias Bareinboim, Patrik Okanovic, Torsten Hoefler","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-05-26T00:41:47Z","title":"Confounder Detection via Treatment Intent: A New Observational Study Design"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.26413","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:dcc26a98d252fb5bf4c78190632ff3632b03bbd6822d7ecdf8b46b1e6684f336","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f5b6db937a254c9f3719cee4e5c08bddf56c71f6d22fa22a4af7ef74394d0a35","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-05-26T00:41:47Z","title_canon_sha256":"6c0c9d12bc97cfae6053c1a94ac4150c070ce7802ee0cac29a0fcbd15bcac9f3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.26413","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"38f4bf22c390c8f1015a44fafe0762ced3413ec4e72074d77c0bd69bc7b270f4","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"38f4bf22c390c8f1015a44fafe0762ced3413ec4e72074d77c0bd69bc7b270f4","first_computed_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16.662651Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16.662651Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"tm858IUU2NdXdDuH8pZQ+8PakRHnH8Z5Hg8LWSl65jNPmiuDgOCqKqe0srVOk5Ged2/iGh8ufioAf/W3J+BlDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-27T01:05:16.663257Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2605.26413","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:dcc26a98d252fb5bf4c78190632ff3632b03bbd6822d7ecdf8b46b1e6684f336","sha256:e8d129d576b050d7041b02c11700599668fadf3e221d1f888ed88380f470fcc9"],"state_sha256":"82cbf03efe2372ed4797c1db429130b7140c093764d9d689ad867400b73c042c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OKzLJZD2hJLbqxZSisS1QKVKjnGbArZGUZzjNVm4SAT+7GBUHLYuyIzypVCUPw2DTRfpZ2R+aw5fl0eXkoJoCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T03:46:32.373048Z","bundle_sha256":"519efb52d114c02f5a1a9952c719e5c453855247b6895bd1e54df07dd61d5876"}}