{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4PXMA35F6K2","short_pith_number":"pith:HGFJZURJ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1907.01040","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-07-01T19:47:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"cf21b832a9fd8865333e363be520652a96ce648208febf3e6efa30c607fff61d","abstract_canon_sha256":"4a6e80d52dfdb9ff3c0ea1ab76b47daef78e7e7c5de1b098ec49daf62ae29b2b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"398a9cd229ec5020769c7dd80df4be56b5ca87c336dad6c3c649280be2c49d64","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1907.01040","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1907.01040","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1907.01040v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1907.01040","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HGFJZURJ5RIC","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HGFJZURJ","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4PXMA35F6K2","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1907.01040","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-07-01T19:47:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY","stat.ML"],"title_canon_sha256":"cf21b832a9fd8865333e363be520652a96ce648208febf3e6efa30c607fff61d","abstract_canon_sha256":"4a6e80d52dfdb9ff3c0ea1ab76b47daef78e7e7c5de1b098ec49daf62ae29b2b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"398a9cd229ec5020769c7dd80df4be56b5ca87c336dad6c3c649280be2c49d64","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12.699617Z","signature_b64":"MRc1CHriRhi4dvceqo22K4X1ZfO697k7jWXbJ4p/sUjEoNlRvKX9eIsiG1UtDUBSNbp40KzOq4moAdtckB2ABQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"398a9cd229ec5020769c7dd80df4be56b5ca87c336dad6c3c649280be2c49d64","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12.699115Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12.699115Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1907.01040","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"knSP3UU33MEaJ9As99lcuZNZRFnCyVDxLkZtLo4Ksde2wBtKpKBaSl2HKPHLgJENIx6n6gkqfbdfgLgGwZ2tCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T20:38:31.900867Z"},"content_sha256":"1e66fe9a773f5db05c3a3b3cd92fd0b2c99cad26c656e696feb98d14a2c0bb7c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1e66fe9a773f5db05c3a3b3cd92fd0b2c99cad26c656e696feb98d14a2c0bb7c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4PXMA35F6K2","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The Sensitivity of Counterfactual Fairness to Unmeasured Confounding","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CY","stat.ML"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Adrian Weller, Matt J. Kusner, Niki Kilbertus, Philip J. Ball, Ricardo Silva","submitted_at":"2019-07-01T19:47:40Z","abstract_excerpt":"Causal approaches to fairness have seen substantial recent interest, both from the machine learning community and from wider parties interested in ethical prediction algorithms. In no small part, this has been due to the fact that causal models allow one to simultaneously leverage data and expert knowledge to remove discriminatory effects from predictions. However, one of the primary assumptions in causal modeling is that you know the causal graph. This introduces a new opportunity for bias, caused by misspecifying the causal model. One common way for misspecification to occur is via unmeasure"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1907.01040","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1907.01040/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4hW/rViNSdUBea4zQmq26FhdK7Zx5cu1YodTW9uGrYmUk06YaPU2C6E8kLPwz3JoqNAGlatEeRRLqMKT3veRCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T20:38:31.901406Z"},"content_sha256":"1d6d473a4032f1c0f071be0aec56a3603e484c936ab5b093cda08c0101f140b6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1d6d473a4032f1c0f071be0aec56a3603e484c936ab5b093cda08c0101f140b6"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4PXMA35F6K2/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4PXMA35F6K2/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4PXMA35F6K2/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-15T20:38:31Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4PXMA35F6K2","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4PXMA35F6K2/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4PXMA35F6K2/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4PXMA35F6K2/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4PXMA35F6K2","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4a6e80d52dfdb9ff3c0ea1ab76b47daef78e7e7c5de1b098ec49daf62ae29b2b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-07-01T19:47:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"cf21b832a9fd8865333e363be520652a96ce648208febf3e6efa30c607fff61d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1907.01040","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1907.01040","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1907.01040v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1907.01040","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HGFJZURJ5RIC","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HGFJZURJ5RICA5U4","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HGFJZURJ","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:1d6d473a4032f1c0f071be0aec56a3603e484c936ab5b093cda08c0101f140b6","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1907.01040/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Causal approaches to fairness have seen substantial recent interest, both from the machine learning community and from wider parties interested in ethical prediction algorithms. In no small part, this has been due to the fact that causal models allow one to simultaneously leverage data and expert knowledge to remove discriminatory effects from predictions. However, one of the primary assumptions in causal modeling is that you know the causal graph. This introduces a new opportunity for bias, caused by misspecifying the causal model. One common way for misspecification to occur is via unmeasure","authors_text":"Adrian Weller, Matt J. Kusner, Niki Kilbertus, Philip J. Ball, Ricardo Silva","cross_cats":["cs.CY","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-07-01T19:47:40Z","title":"The Sensitivity of Counterfactual Fairness to Unmeasured Confounding"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1907.01040","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:1e66fe9a773f5db05c3a3b3cd92fd0b2c99cad26c656e696feb98d14a2c0bb7c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4a6e80d52dfdb9ff3c0ea1ab76b47daef78e7e7c5de1b098ec49daf62ae29b2b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2019-07-01T19:47:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"cf21b832a9fd8865333e363be520652a96ce648208febf3e6efa30c607fff61d"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1907.01040","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"398a9cd229ec5020769c7dd80df4be56b5ca87c336dad6c3c649280be2c49d64","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"398a9cd229ec5020769c7dd80df4be56b5ca87c336dad6c3c649280be2c49d64","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12.699115Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12.699115Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"MRc1CHriRhi4dvceqo22K4X1ZfO697k7jWXbJ4p/sUjEoNlRvKX9eIsiG1UtDUBSNbp40KzOq4moAdtckB2ABQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-04T23:57:12.699617Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1907.01040","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:1e66fe9a773f5db05c3a3b3cd92fd0b2c99cad26c656e696feb98d14a2c0bb7c","sha256:1d6d473a4032f1c0f071be0aec56a3603e484c936ab5b093cda08c0101f140b6"],"state_sha256":"c2562ea85c03706cad6197a677429618e436705d43ad91dfaecebc68326ad4dd"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"au/6cSXAxM2ZGa3wrMZS+B7jOUA7qLOcwTIcHD3NtFn81Y/5f59xoQeO1SKKET764LGPFKwGZ8l4BtWkmf5ZCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T20:38:31.906075Z","bundle_sha256":"d24cf510609f87f0c9a56af8b1d3082a6cad1e2179c9a4909384166e2744259d"}}