{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ6IOPZGD5WT","short_pith_number":"pith:HIUGOAIQ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1902.06427","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2019-02-18T07:17:26Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a8915eb76783dd1e91cd3cab0f6d590deaa865dcfe038b9d4d5417bbc9ce1df2","abstract_canon_sha256":"049459e5df922abe95c84d47a0cb2747780dbc7fbf0c82d1a5e8d2dc4660db77"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"3a2867011028e804bc19f21cfc987db4cfa5a83776a815f67d639234ea03b9c9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1902.06427","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1902.06427","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1902.06427v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1902.06427","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HIUGOAIQFDUA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HIUGOAIQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:18Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ6IOPZGD5WT","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1902.06427","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2019-02-18T07:17:26Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"a8915eb76783dd1e91cd3cab0f6d590deaa865dcfe038b9d4d5417bbc9ce1df2","abstract_canon_sha256":"049459e5df922abe95c84d47a0cb2747780dbc7fbf0c82d1a5e8d2dc4660db77"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"3a2867011028e804bc19f21cfc987db4cfa5a83776a815f67d639234ea03b9c9","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45.545855Z","signature_b64":"nllzUqf4p6p7ca9lsgPpQtHoav+fSza6dOteVLQA2ie5100ruGuwzxDhuU5afXx10GkIJJCxVxX3G0KyaeWTAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"3a2867011028e804bc19f21cfc987db4cfa5a83776a815f67d639234ea03b9c9","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45.545311Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45.545311Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1902.06427","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"i0JKYw6l5ClKt4waj/eGHMZNeg0huoe2NuN3tiLfzPZ2su2iAggGP5osCmS6UlEH62eW4f1FT0VpgRys7LcLBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T17:41:07.011609Z"},"content_sha256":"f859d85c5f48dae9d419712cda693d41091646ca620ca7f4332bc8de86b5ac92","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f859d85c5f48dae9d419712cda693d41091646ca620ca7f4332bc8de86b5ac92"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ6IOPZGD5WT","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Schema Validation and Evolution for Graph Databases","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.DB","authors_text":"Alastair Green, Angela Bonifati, Eugenia Oshurko, Hannes Voigt, Peter Furniss, Russ Harmer","submitted_at":"2019-02-18T07:17:26Z","abstract_excerpt":"Despite the maturity of commercial graph databases, little consensus has been reached so far on the standardization of data definition languages (DDLs) for property graphs (PG). The discussion on the characteristics of PG schemas is ongoing in many standardization and community groups. Although some basic aspects of a schema are already present in Neo4j 3.5, like in most commercial graph databases, full support is missing allowing to constraint property graphs with more or less flexibility. In this paper, we focus on two different perspectives from which a PG schema should be considered, as be"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1902.06427","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"iyewwkc+ydEbpCLxZ14qCNVm6cFX+V4nArKkGeJsSwSufBtohmUMbh27LTJZByr7anR6YQmrpkpSeoYuP6tCBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T17:41:07.012247Z"},"content_sha256":"ca63ad9a9e2f8d4bdee455b0fdc6c25f79e3a93c4baa5a003c35a5bea8afb101","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ca63ad9a9e2f8d4bdee455b0fdc6c25f79e3a93c4baa5a003c35a5bea8afb101"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ6IOPZGD5WT/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ6IOPZGD5WT/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ6IOPZGD5WT/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T17:41:07Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ6IOPZGD5WT","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ6IOPZGD5WT/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ6IOPZGD5WT/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ6IOPZGD5WT/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ6IOPZGD5WT","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"049459e5df922abe95c84d47a0cb2747780dbc7fbf0c82d1a5e8d2dc4660db77","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2019-02-18T07:17:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"a8915eb76783dd1e91cd3cab0f6d590deaa865dcfe038b9d4d5417bbc9ce1df2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1902.06427","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1902.06427","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1902.06427v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1902.06427","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HIUGOAIQFDUA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HIUGOAIQFDUAJPAZ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:18Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HIUGOAIQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:18Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ca63ad9a9e2f8d4bdee455b0fdc6c25f79e3a93c4baa5a003c35a5bea8afb101","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Despite the maturity of commercial graph databases, little consensus has been reached so far on the standardization of data definition languages (DDLs) for property graphs (PG). The discussion on the characteristics of PG schemas is ongoing in many standardization and community groups. Although some basic aspects of a schema are already present in Neo4j 3.5, like in most commercial graph databases, full support is missing allowing to constraint property graphs with more or less flexibility. In this paper, we focus on two different perspectives from which a PG schema should be considered, as be","authors_text":"Alastair Green, Angela Bonifati, Eugenia Oshurko, Hannes Voigt, Peter Furniss, Russ Harmer","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2019-02-18T07:17:26Z","title":"Schema Validation and Evolution for Graph Databases"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1902.06427","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f859d85c5f48dae9d419712cda693d41091646ca620ca7f4332bc8de86b5ac92","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"049459e5df922abe95c84d47a0cb2747780dbc7fbf0c82d1a5e8d2dc4660db77","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2019-02-18T07:17:26Z","title_canon_sha256":"a8915eb76783dd1e91cd3cab0f6d590deaa865dcfe038b9d4d5417bbc9ce1df2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1902.06427","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"3a2867011028e804bc19f21cfc987db4cfa5a83776a815f67d639234ea03b9c9","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"3a2867011028e804bc19f21cfc987db4cfa5a83776a815f67d639234ea03b9c9","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45.545311Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45.545311Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"nllzUqf4p6p7ca9lsgPpQtHoav+fSza6dOteVLQA2ie5100ruGuwzxDhuU5afXx10GkIJJCxVxX3G0KyaeWTAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:53:45.545855Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1902.06427","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f859d85c5f48dae9d419712cda693d41091646ca620ca7f4332bc8de86b5ac92","sha256:ca63ad9a9e2f8d4bdee455b0fdc6c25f79e3a93c4baa5a003c35a5bea8afb101"],"state_sha256":"c8e2fb6ee49293b93642985007173d0b711798b4395c3ffd1bad07921af761cf"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Vfbz+frz1Sq7AwY1LjMDhBULoAJZ/QPgyTJKbcCKz0dqeJBmq7tRWp7LZKnMAPpmpC6jn/sZHK4ffYVySoycAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T17:41:07.015547Z","bundle_sha256":"248e1ad123e783efe6e1d7cd7df6a754cfc2577527e8ecf60d108b0a04899a49"}}