{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2","short_pith_number":"pith:HJGI3DYI","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2602.04198","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2026-02-04T04:30:42Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.IM","gr-qc"],"title_canon_sha256":"1663a4baa038f22dfefef38352ee3540b06a13872f27ae25df17ddd168d0457e","abstract_canon_sha256":"e5b7a9f234b0f4f9acd1374b78c203b62f800fe0864e0f04158b8283e8527e60"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"3a4c8d8f086a872d97d99aff86bce1569c18ed84a8604f027b43b38ebdb41fa1","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2602.04198","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2602.04198","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2602.04198v3","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.04198","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HJGI3DYINKDS","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HJGI3DYINKDS3F6Z","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HJGI3DYI","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2602.04198","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2026-02-04T04:30:42Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.IM","gr-qc"],"title_canon_sha256":"1663a4baa038f22dfefef38352ee3540b06a13872f27ae25df17ddd168d0457e","abstract_canon_sha256":"e5b7a9f234b0f4f9acd1374b78c203b62f800fe0864e0f04158b8283e8527e60"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"3a4c8d8f086a872d97d99aff86bce1569c18ed84a8604f027b43b38ebdb41fa1","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07.815371Z","signature_b64":"ufnd7zXC1gFqX4l5eosijR+zzTjtJpSfIj+ZSmyi2/97Jb/Yuw9vJYE/+TD31hoTvqTHqzgAWG+vt0DGtR3xCA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"3a4c8d8f086a872d97d99aff86bce1569c18ed84a8604f027b43b38ebdb41fa1","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07.814467Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07.814467Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2602.04198","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TM8FRjvqcnWSGjXvEHQxkgZr7DdFFMjhAeXRa/dc5iChwSc3ICApVqeytQb6VYN72P6e0i9bJ0qdPoP/Ke+9Cg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T12:42:15.544059Z"},"content_sha256":"e88417f3b00bf3399d03c2bdb64d9c195c0ad6a36f2cf3f219c1581a3aabb0f3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e88417f3b00bf3399d03c2bdb64d9c195c0ad6a36f2cf3f219c1581a3aabb0f3"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Propulsion Trades for a 2035-2040 Solar Gravitational Lens Mission","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Solar sailing to 650 AU for exoplanet imaging requires areal densities down to 2.3 g per square meter after a 0.05 AU perihelion pass.","cross_cats":["astro-ph.IM","gr-qc"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","authors_text":"Slava G. Turyshev","submitted_at":"2026-02-04T04:30:42Z","abstract_excerpt":"The Solar Gravitational Lens (SGL) enables resolved imaging and spectroscopy of nearby terrestrial exoplanets, but useful science begins only after a spacecraft reaches roughly 650-900 astronomical units (AU). A 20 yr lower-bound trip to 650 AU requires an average radial speed of 32.5 AU per year, or 154 km/s, before launch, targeting, steering, and operations margins. We compare close-perihelion solar sailing, fission-electric nuclear electric propulsion (NEP), and high-thrust Oberth injection followed by NEP cruise using common lower-bound outbound-leg architecture envelopes, not closed end-"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"For solar sailing, r_p=0.05 AU requires σ_tot ≃ 4.9 g m^{-2} for v_∞ ≃ 105 km/s and σ_tot ≃ 2.3 g m^{-2} for v_∞ ≃ 155 km/s, placing sub-20 yr sail-only access in an ultra-low-areal-density, deep-perihelion survivability regime. NEP with m0=20 t reaches 650 AU in ~27-33 yr for α_tot=10-20 kg kW_e^{-1}.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The models assume constant power for NEP and ideal sail performance without accounting for detailed trajectory optimization, real-world degradation factors, or inner-solar-system injection overhead.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"To reach the solar gravitational lens at 650 AU in under 20 years requires solar sails with areal densities of 2-5 g/m² or nuclear electric propulsion with specific masses of 3-15 kg/kW_e depending on architecture.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Solar sailing to 650 AU for exoplanet imaging requires areal densities down to 2.3 g per square meter after a 0.05 AU perihelion pass.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"ad0b32a7531617606d2c1a74e8245e95c84b30066103a39fd6e656df4adb0f34"},"source":{"id":"2602.04198","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":"aceca362-3307-4922-bdc2-bee4259d4421","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-16T07:44:21.839689Z","strongest_claim":"For solar sailing, r_p=0.05 AU requires σ_tot ≃ 4.9 g m^{-2} for v_∞ ≃ 105 km/s and σ_tot ≃ 2.3 g m^{-2} for v_∞ ≃ 155 km/s, placing sub-20 yr sail-only access in an ultra-low-areal-density, deep-perihelion survivability regime. NEP with m0=20 t reaches 650 AU in ~27-33 yr for α_tot=10-20 kg kW_e^{-1}.","one_line_summary":"To reach the solar gravitational lens at 650 AU in under 20 years requires solar sails with areal densities of 2-5 g/m² or nuclear electric propulsion with specific masses of 3-15 kg/kW_e depending on architecture.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The models assume constant power for NEP and ideal sail performance without accounting for detailed trajectory optimization, real-world degradation factors, or inner-solar-system injection overhead.","pith_extraction_headline":"Solar sailing to 650 AU for exoplanet imaging requires areal densities down to 2.3 g per square meter after a 0.05 AU perihelion pass."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2602.04198/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"2ec873028b3aea785b08b7079788a969f888c2fe9116541232c0024bcc507d87"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":"aceca362-3307-4922-bdc2-bee4259d4421"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"yYlHjzfGMcuLaDoLnN6/OBqhF/Q7LTzlb5fwz7Qpx39SNtIik2Uoc0yMf/93dP/qNIBMwWIQ0sFxw6FXlcoKAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T12:42:15.545086Z"},"content_sha256":"fadf78872833a98ffb08224fc8f7677a03c029c37270f1a8b3e68359de2de3b9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:fadf78872833a98ffb08224fc8f7677a03c029c37270f1a8b3e68359de2de3b9"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T12:42:15Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e5b7a9f234b0f4f9acd1374b78c203b62f800fe0864e0f04158b8283e8527e60","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.IM","gr-qc"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2026-02-04T04:30:42Z","title_canon_sha256":"1663a4baa038f22dfefef38352ee3540b06a13872f27ae25df17ddd168d0457e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2602.04198","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2602.04198","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2602.04198v3","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.04198","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HJGI3DYINKDS","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HJGI3DYINKDS3F6Z","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HJGI3DYI","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:fadf78872833a98ffb08224fc8f7677a03c029c37270f1a8b3e68359de2de3b9","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C1","kind":"strongest_claim","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","text":"For solar sailing, r_p=0.05 AU requires σ_tot ≃ 4.9 g m^{-2} for v_∞ ≃ 105 km/s and σ_tot ≃ 2.3 g m^{-2} for v_∞ ≃ 155 km/s, placing sub-20 yr sail-only access in an ultra-low-areal-density, deep-perihelion survivability regime. NEP with m0=20 t reaches 650 AU in ~27-33 yr for α_tot=10-20 kg kW_e^{-1}."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C2","kind":"weakest_assumption","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","text":"The models assume constant power for NEP and ideal sail performance without accounting for detailed trajectory optimization, real-world degradation factors, or inner-solar-system injection overhead."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C3","kind":"one_line_summary","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","text":"To reach the solar gravitational lens at 650 AU in under 20 years requires solar sails with areal densities of 2-5 g/m² or nuclear electric propulsion with specific masses of 3-15 kg/kW_e depending on architecture."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C4","kind":"headline","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Solar sailing to 650 AU for exoplanet imaging requires areal densities down to 2.3 g per square meter after a 0.05 AU perihelion pass."}],"snapshot_sha256":"ad0b32a7531617606d2c1a74e8245e95c84b30066103a39fd6e656df4adb0f34"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"2ec873028b3aea785b08b7079788a969f888c2fe9116541232c0024bcc507d87"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2602.04198/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The Solar Gravitational Lens (SGL) enables resolved imaging and spectroscopy of nearby terrestrial exoplanets, but useful science begins only after a spacecraft reaches roughly 650-900 astronomical units (AU). A 20 yr lower-bound trip to 650 AU requires an average radial speed of 32.5 AU per year, or 154 km/s, before launch, targeting, steering, and operations margins. We compare close-perihelion solar sailing, fission-electric nuclear electric propulsion (NEP), and high-thrust Oberth injection followed by NEP cruise using common lower-bound outbound-leg architecture envelopes, not closed end-","authors_text":"Slava G. Turyshev","cross_cats":["astro-ph.IM","gr-qc"],"headline":"Solar sailing to 650 AU for exoplanet imaging requires areal densities down to 2.3 g per square meter after a 0.05 AU perihelion pass.","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2026-02-04T04:30:42Z","title":"Propulsion Trades for a 2035-2040 Solar Gravitational Lens Mission"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2602.04198","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":"2026-05-16T07:44:21.839689Z","id":"aceca362-3307-4922-bdc2-bee4259d4421","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"one_line_summary":"To reach the solar gravitational lens at 650 AU in under 20 years requires solar sails with areal densities of 2-5 g/m² or nuclear electric propulsion with specific masses of 3-15 kg/kW_e depending on architecture.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","pith_extraction_headline":"Solar sailing to 650 AU for exoplanet imaging requires areal densities down to 2.3 g per square meter after a 0.05 AU perihelion pass.","strongest_claim":"For solar sailing, r_p=0.05 AU requires σ_tot ≃ 4.9 g m^{-2} for v_∞ ≃ 105 km/s and σ_tot ≃ 2.3 g m^{-2} for v_∞ ≃ 155 km/s, placing sub-20 yr sail-only access in an ultra-low-areal-density, deep-perihelion survivability regime. NEP with m0=20 t reaches 650 AU in ~27-33 yr for α_tot=10-20 kg kW_e^{-1}.","weakest_assumption":"The models assume constant power for NEP and ideal sail performance without accounting for detailed trajectory optimization, real-world degradation factors, or inner-solar-system injection overhead."}},"verdict_id":"aceca362-3307-4922-bdc2-bee4259d4421"}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:e88417f3b00bf3399d03c2bdb64d9c195c0ad6a36f2cf3f219c1581a3aabb0f3","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e5b7a9f234b0f4f9acd1374b78c203b62f800fe0864e0f04158b8283e8527e60","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.IM","gr-qc"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2026-02-04T04:30:42Z","title_canon_sha256":"1663a4baa038f22dfefef38352ee3540b06a13872f27ae25df17ddd168d0457e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2602.04198","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"3a4c8d8f086a872d97d99aff86bce1569c18ed84a8604f027b43b38ebdb41fa1","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"3a4c8d8f086a872d97d99aff86bce1569c18ed84a8604f027b43b38ebdb41fa1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07.814467Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07.814467Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ufnd7zXC1gFqX4l5eosijR+zzTjtJpSfIj+ZSmyi2/97Jb/Yuw9vJYE/+TD31hoTvqTHqzgAWG+vt0DGtR3xCA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-20T01:05:07.815371Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2602.04198","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:e88417f3b00bf3399d03c2bdb64d9c195c0ad6a36f2cf3f219c1581a3aabb0f3","sha256:fadf78872833a98ffb08224fc8f7677a03c029c37270f1a8b3e68359de2de3b9"],"state_sha256":"902a6afd1d76690ee5473cd875b781fb765479a0ed2aeeaa2d81b326f4c73aef"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"oU5Am7Z6+IdxGjtg3xQ9kt6tztcMUBlq2phbCyRr1h+Xxj3CDkDZFA02Jlpp0doZk4MdDjkgc51biHcMwpP2BQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T12:42:15.549116Z","bundle_sha256":"3d1396779cb7ebbda3d8557d31a17cdea25b4fced6ec80deed8d4598ae12db48"}}