{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2CXDG6GCBZV","short_pith_number":"pith:HLG6RPUJ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2602.21792","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.OT","submitted_at":"2026-02-25T11:17:36Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"610f2c987182d6e1ffad7ccf4607020c0a1addaa7e293e2b8bb752592dd09c4e","abstract_canon_sha256":"f17f08040cebf10de24496575ebf498167cedcb95077c6c57325e621c8fe7e63"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"3acde8be89f0421956da15c66f1841cd46494c3827cd819b4c4a7f9d78e41a40","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2602.21792","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2602.21792","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2602.21792v3","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.21792","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HLG6RPUJ6BBB","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HLG6RPUJ","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2CXDG6GCBZV","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2602.21792","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.OT","submitted_at":"2026-02-25T11:17:36Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"610f2c987182d6e1ffad7ccf4607020c0a1addaa7e293e2b8bb752592dd09c4e","abstract_canon_sha256":"f17f08040cebf10de24496575ebf498167cedcb95077c6c57325e621c8fe7e63"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"3acde8be89f0421956da15c66f1841cd46494c3827cd819b4c4a7f9d78e41a40","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58.847116Z","signature_b64":"X6heOAupwM56ZYcJjzX0UNDbZs1uhdD4vZtHLQQOkBTTX8E46gsq2yb/zxx+Y/JIh7YfNFfLsEEYcZxj1rAgBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"3acde8be89f0421956da15c66f1841cd46494c3827cd819b4c4a7f9d78e41a40","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58.846308Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58.846308Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2602.21792","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"H6d+4J9rMIExl+ItYSeuXaTJtcKlK+43B7DkCrfBL+cGXQoe7SnOhYUNN0pG13Yf1YoBXFRYIST4WIJnVvtMCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-10T11:13:39.414491Z"},"content_sha256":"c608e22b086252ad5750fcc4057e1951951b187c12bcbec5da615c3f064894c1","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c608e22b086252ad5750fcc4057e1951951b187c12bcbec5da615c3f064894c1"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2CXDG6GCBZV","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"p-Hacking Inflates Type I Error Rates in the Error Statistical Approach but not in the Formal Inference Approach","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.OT","authors_text":"Mark Rubin","submitted_at":"2026-02-25T11:17:36Z","abstract_excerpt":"p-hacking occurs when researchers conduct multiple significance tests (e.g., p1;H0,1 and p2;H0,2) and then selectively report tests that yield desirable (usually significant) results (e.g., p2 < 0.05;H0,2) without correcting for multiple testing (e.g., 0.05/2 = 0.025). In the present article, I consider p-hacking in the context of two philosophies of significance testing - the error statistical approach and the formal inference approach. I argue that although p-hacking inflates Type I error rates in the error statistical approach, it does not inflate them in the formal inference approach. Spec"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2602.21792","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2602.21792/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"2WzcuhL43zvIxKE77WRUxH06zecpkeidQxNjWbgPNh1sVQtMJ1ZbzRHQBKLyO3yYo535iNQRgLCL/DyAqhadDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-10T11:13:39.415230Z"},"content_sha256":"ad0c94071adbfd69a8c51d7e948085ba3114c9e7e28bc4e6b2d58268b98b94b9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ad0c94071adbfd69a8c51d7e948085ba3114c9e7e28bc4e6b2d58268b98b94b9"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2CXDG6GCBZV/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2CXDG6GCBZV/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2CXDG6GCBZV/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-10T11:13:39Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2CXDG6GCBZV","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2CXDG6GCBZV/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2CXDG6GCBZV/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2CXDG6GCBZV/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2CXDG6GCBZV","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f17f08040cebf10de24496575ebf498167cedcb95077c6c57325e621c8fe7e63","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.OT","submitted_at":"2026-02-25T11:17:36Z","title_canon_sha256":"610f2c987182d6e1ffad7ccf4607020c0a1addaa7e293e2b8bb752592dd09c4e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2602.21792","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2602.21792","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2602.21792v3","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2602.21792","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HLG6RPUJ6BBB","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HLG6RPUJ6BBBSVW2","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HLG6RPUJ","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ad0c94071adbfd69a8c51d7e948085ba3114c9e7e28bc4e6b2d58268b98b94b9","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2602.21792/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"p-hacking occurs when researchers conduct multiple significance tests (e.g., p1;H0,1 and p2;H0,2) and then selectively report tests that yield desirable (usually significant) results (e.g., p2 < 0.05;H0,2) without correcting for multiple testing (e.g., 0.05/2 = 0.025). In the present article, I consider p-hacking in the context of two philosophies of significance testing - the error statistical approach and the formal inference approach. I argue that although p-hacking inflates Type I error rates in the error statistical approach, it does not inflate them in the formal inference approach. Spec","authors_text":"Mark Rubin","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.OT","submitted_at":"2026-02-25T11:17:36Z","title":"p-Hacking Inflates Type I Error Rates in the Error Statistical Approach but not in the Formal Inference Approach"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2602.21792","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c608e22b086252ad5750fcc4057e1951951b187c12bcbec5da615c3f064894c1","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f17f08040cebf10de24496575ebf498167cedcb95077c6c57325e621c8fe7e63","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.OT","submitted_at":"2026-02-25T11:17:36Z","title_canon_sha256":"610f2c987182d6e1ffad7ccf4607020c0a1addaa7e293e2b8bb752592dd09c4e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2602.21792","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"3acde8be89f0421956da15c66f1841cd46494c3827cd819b4c4a7f9d78e41a40","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"3acde8be89f0421956da15c66f1841cd46494c3827cd819b4c4a7f9d78e41a40","first_computed_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58.846308Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58.846308Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"X6heOAupwM56ZYcJjzX0UNDbZs1uhdD4vZtHLQQOkBTTX8E46gsq2yb/zxx+Y/JIh7YfNFfLsEEYcZxj1rAgBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-22T01:03:58.847116Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2602.21792","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c608e22b086252ad5750fcc4057e1951951b187c12bcbec5da615c3f064894c1","sha256:ad0c94071adbfd69a8c51d7e948085ba3114c9e7e28bc4e6b2d58268b98b94b9"],"state_sha256":"2007d21917cc891efe86f1baea1caaf97b836d8386952800de6b4480786507fc"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Dc+GNGTj2IpcGU1GYavuy+zWcpvO/0ziEWEultCn89Vp/0H+7aOum8FnANrYcvXJieUjkuveu1OHqJbA01s9Bw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-10T11:13:39.420021Z","bundle_sha256":"84f7b305c6d4e79961eea0a91f7cc5eeb7f838875d09e9c7b070e2ee362e6ef5"}}