{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E5JQLPYZVMR","short_pith_number":"pith:HM2ADPVV","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2405.21049","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2024-05-31T17:42:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.HE"],"title_canon_sha256":"d34871d06495774c94a9b824793bddec36736bfaee8f63cdfc5a22f755686082","abstract_canon_sha256":"ee295981c160df1c126712b241bc393f8cc1d30b1d09b7778838fef49e7fb7c0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"3b3401beb5538a1d2f44ea60b7e335644dcecc09ab5a589b16a45a4bf382e3f7","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2405.21049","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2405.21049","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2405.21049v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.21049","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HM2ADPVVKOFB","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HM2ADPVV","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E5JQLPYZVMR","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2405.21049","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2024-05-31T17:42:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.HE"],"title_canon_sha256":"d34871d06495774c94a9b824793bddec36736bfaee8f63cdfc5a22f755686082","abstract_canon_sha256":"ee295981c160df1c126712b241bc393f8cc1d30b1d09b7778838fef49e7fb7c0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"3b3401beb5538a1d2f44ea60b7e335644dcecc09ab5a589b16a45a4bf382e3f7","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51.884196Z","signature_b64":"q7cgvxuArVORAunsKDdRzrtnSDh5GKMpawIwS+5oz/tfUWnXGfth9tGf1vtQsYpEVgFOaoFfzcDN5JUsN8S/Dw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"3b3401beb5538a1d2f44ea60b7e335644dcecc09ab5a589b16a45a4bf382e3f7","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51.883615Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51.883615Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2405.21049","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"nmmdODrrMHWBCKSWBf3E3u7Zn1vUvPw48lzxAp7lMSuRBuW0JXYp+WbE50HEVQiFudwPGKHo3eBTA+9SKRpVAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T05:27:22.874834Z"},"content_sha256":"773e4f6fa0b760b4bf7d46905de0c1ecbbf45061749ce0332a84e13419dcd0cb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:773e4f6fa0b760b4bf7d46905de0c1ecbbf45061749ce0332a84e13419dcd0cb"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E5JQLPYZVMR","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Boil-off of red supergiants: mass loss and type II-P supernovae","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.HE"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","authors_text":"Daichi Tsuna, Jim Fuller","submitted_at":"2024-05-31T17:42:48Z","abstract_excerpt":"The mass loss mechanism of red supergiant stars is not well understood, even though it has crucial consequences for their stellar evolution and the appearance of supernovae that occur upon core-collapse. We argue that outgoing shock waves launched near the photosphere can support a dense chromosphere between the star's surface and the dust formation radius at several stellar radii. We derive analytic expressions for the time-averaged density profile of the chromosphere, and we use these to estimate mass loss rates due to winds launched by radiation pressure at the dust formation radius. These "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2405.21049","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2405.21049/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"efmIXLUIa0uQEJaVBAhCuljUK9VOtHOnXted2O5oh+3bxfbAceXUDUxItzVJzRE7zOLMv5Y19izS6e1zFJ3UCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T05:27:22.875399Z"},"content_sha256":"0a294eb1da1fda3de77d562e6f682a5003c016e999dba5173296e5e708363ccb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0a294eb1da1fda3de77d562e6f682a5003c016e999dba5173296e5e708363ccb"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E5JQLPYZVMR/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E5JQLPYZVMR/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E5JQLPYZVMR/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-10T05:27:22Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E5JQLPYZVMR","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E5JQLPYZVMR/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E5JQLPYZVMR/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E5JQLPYZVMR/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E5JQLPYZVMR","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ee295981c160df1c126712b241bc393f8cc1d30b1d09b7778838fef49e7fb7c0","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.HE"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2024-05-31T17:42:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"d34871d06495774c94a9b824793bddec36736bfaee8f63cdfc5a22f755686082"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2405.21049","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2405.21049","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2405.21049v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.21049","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HM2ADPVVKOFB","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HM2ADPVVKOFB2L2E","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HM2ADPVV","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0a294eb1da1fda3de77d562e6f682a5003c016e999dba5173296e5e708363ccb","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2405.21049/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The mass loss mechanism of red supergiant stars is not well understood, even though it has crucial consequences for their stellar evolution and the appearance of supernovae that occur upon core-collapse. We argue that outgoing shock waves launched near the photosphere can support a dense chromosphere between the star's surface and the dust formation radius at several stellar radii. We derive analytic expressions for the time-averaged density profile of the chromosphere, and we use these to estimate mass loss rates due to winds launched by radiation pressure at the dust formation radius. These ","authors_text":"Daichi Tsuna, Jim Fuller","cross_cats":["astro-ph.HE"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2024-05-31T17:42:48Z","title":"Boil-off of red supergiants: mass loss and type II-P supernovae"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2405.21049","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:773e4f6fa0b760b4bf7d46905de0c1ecbbf45061749ce0332a84e13419dcd0cb","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ee295981c160df1c126712b241bc393f8cc1d30b1d09b7778838fef49e7fb7c0","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.HE"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.SR","submitted_at":"2024-05-31T17:42:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"d34871d06495774c94a9b824793bddec36736bfaee8f63cdfc5a22f755686082"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2405.21049","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"3b3401beb5538a1d2f44ea60b7e335644dcecc09ab5a589b16a45a4bf382e3f7","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"3b3401beb5538a1d2f44ea60b7e335644dcecc09ab5a589b16a45a4bf382e3f7","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51.883615Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51.883615Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"q7cgvxuArVORAunsKDdRzrtnSDh5GKMpawIwS+5oz/tfUWnXGfth9tGf1vtQsYpEVgFOaoFfzcDN5JUsN8S/Dw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:31:51.884196Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2405.21049","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:773e4f6fa0b760b4bf7d46905de0c1ecbbf45061749ce0332a84e13419dcd0cb","sha256:0a294eb1da1fda3de77d562e6f682a5003c016e999dba5173296e5e708363ccb"],"state_sha256":"4a77e0a02035068b77bbdc613115fc23eec3a042e880eb7a9ab438b98b917779"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"VhodjAUpCuZRXIPOXjUNeNF11tVh4AMYgNOQIILpWQMARm38RgKi+pAlAU31JL5yp9vNhnSgfCfeepbFnrViAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T05:27:22.882591Z","bundle_sha256":"f87027c17ad7d8bcd6d33cdde5a63648ed2b577bb0da5b4553f464f6c9c4bdaa"}}