{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:HQTKUNEHCWTHYC6OKOPXWIQLWG","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c669b8cc9137a1e18cfb943e90fa51cd4acddd5409b3c2a1ba7c08220e168530","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-10-10T14:48:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"369442e52c2443134b8608fc733f67b1c8eb9ae86fa67df39ae1a28ce51f6f37"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1910.04618","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1910.04618","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1910.04618v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1910.04618","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HQTKUNEHCWTH","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HQTKUNEHCWTHYC6O","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HQTKUNEH","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:09Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:85ba444e81b0551051bdc9bcde8fcc90db51bf053a2be253951cc69f1050b77e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1910.04618/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Given a state-of-the-art deep neural network text classifier, we show the existence of a universal and very small perturbation vector (in the embedding space) that causes natural text to be misclassified with high probability. Unlike images on which a single fixed-size adversarial perturbation can be found, text is of variable length, so we define the \"universality\" as \"token-agnostic\", where a single perturbation is applied to each token, resulting in different perturbations of flexible sizes at the sequence level. We propose an algorithm to compute universal adversarial perturbations, and sh","authors_text":"Hang Gao, Tim Oates","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-10-10T14:48:22Z","title":"Universal Adversarial Perturbation for Text Classification"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1910.04618","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9c9e86a7c2003ceeab0de9471165b43033663d7d1e02a471faf9a05f95b1e363","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c669b8cc9137a1e18cfb943e90fa51cd4acddd5409b3c2a1ba7c08220e168530","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ML"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2019-10-10T14:48:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"369442e52c2443134b8608fc733f67b1c8eb9ae86fa67df39ae1a28ce51f6f37"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1910.04618","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"3c26aa348715a67c0bce539f7b220bb18f9a7c9a788f0d06756ac44b060dc97a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"3c26aa348715a67c0bce539f7b220bb18f9a7c9a788f0d06756ac44b060dc97a","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:09.996720Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:09.996720Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"F2d4nb8TJ0l2K5hUNi8zDGO8Bj4qjdb44h23l8ewwWaVf67YX/PLIob4h/+j/xpAiytZ7hllomrssjsKVy4hDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:11:09.997161Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1910.04618","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9c9e86a7c2003ceeab0de9471165b43033663d7d1e02a471faf9a05f95b1e363","sha256:85ba444e81b0551051bdc9bcde8fcc90db51bf053a2be253951cc69f1050b77e"],"state_sha256":"5039b7959fb6a5d3eed3decc6bcabe7a5c2686201b9192726248d26bc9078c6b"}