{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:HZUZ43EBHXUQALHAFUKJHDT7SK","short_pith_number":"pith:HZUZ43EB","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2308.05576","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-08-10T13:39:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"998b77732efb4712660217780a7a54d992d0353d6d826574be82ad1955ce8d75","abstract_canon_sha256":"21e2eb8cd55139bc4743e49a0bd05a41a7af177ea002b372bc49677307f631d8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"3e699e6c813de9002ce02d14938e7f92868ac9935b6c99715edeee46624e8815","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2308.05576","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2308.05576","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2308.05576v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2308.05576","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HZUZ43EBHXUQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HZUZ43EBHXUQALHA","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HZUZ43EB","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:HZUZ43EBHXUQALHAFUKJHDT7SK","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2308.05576","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-08-10T13:39:40Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"998b77732efb4712660217780a7a54d992d0353d6d826574be82ad1955ce8d75","abstract_canon_sha256":"21e2eb8cd55139bc4743e49a0bd05a41a7af177ea002b372bc49677307f631d8"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"3e699e6c813de9002ce02d14938e7f92868ac9935b6c99715edeee46624e8815","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31.166364Z","signature_b64":"BzxY5c/acn8dVj9IV9TBLWu7/4lWTvPVHASLvshsZB8cdPe5YjyXDjqruvOQutLBTDmzULrTJABxKP3cArGGDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"3e699e6c813de9002ce02d14938e7f92868ac9935b6c99715edeee46624e8815","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31.165913Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31.165913Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2308.05576","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ICski1Sb2LFTLd5c2tVQ0KzGjVPIjrIBqTOHY5iGALJyXgKI17BYJ+LHeT9plzG9ko41uafUCQ7MqLVNCKYfCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T22:17:10.289494Z"},"content_sha256":"a66f20db3ddee01de86889bab2725a706e2cf6afb52295fd434b2b12b7c29b1b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a66f20db3ddee01de86889bab2725a706e2cf6afb52295fd434b2b12b7c29b1b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:HZUZ43EBHXUQALHAFUKJHDT7SK","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Do Language Models' Words Refer?","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Matthew Mandelkern, Tal Linzen","submitted_at":"2023-08-10T13:39:40Z","abstract_excerpt":"What do language models (LMs) do with language? Everyone agrees that they can produce sequences of (mostly) coherent strings of English. But do those sentences mean something, or are LMs simply babbling in a convincing simulacrum of language use? Here we will address one aspect of this broad question: whether LMs' words can refer, that is, achieve \"word-to-world\" connections. There is prima facie reason to think they do not since LMs do not interact with the world in the way that ordinary language users do. Drawing on insights from the externalist tradition in philosophy of language, we argue "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2308.05576","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2308.05576/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"EuAOs52AMZzoqdgmyirkc0hb3rJtmdlx7DId7Wln1r3xkfQxsJNgyP2bnZlLz0GwIv3bzmhmP1q0jeJP2aQZDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T22:17:10.289958Z"},"content_sha256":"ed3b7620959f8d10e29bfc5837877f0090b3a05e1c978bca2fc0d09facfd5b56","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ed3b7620959f8d10e29bfc5837877f0090b3a05e1c978bca2fc0d09facfd5b56"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HZUZ43EBHXUQALHAFUKJHDT7SK/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/HZUZ43EBHXUQALHAFUKJHDT7SK/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HZUZ43EBHXUQALHAFUKJHDT7SK/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-10T22:17:10Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/HZUZ43EBHXUQALHAFUKJHDT7SK","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/HZUZ43EBHXUQALHAFUKJHDT7SK/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/HZUZ43EBHXUQALHAFUKJHDT7SK/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/HZUZ43EBHXUQALHAFUKJHDT7SK/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:HZUZ43EBHXUQALHAFUKJHDT7SK","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"21e2eb8cd55139bc4743e49a0bd05a41a7af177ea002b372bc49677307f631d8","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-08-10T13:39:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"998b77732efb4712660217780a7a54d992d0353d6d826574be82ad1955ce8d75"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2308.05576","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2308.05576","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2308.05576v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2308.05576","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"HZUZ43EBHXUQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"HZUZ43EBHXUQALHA","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"HZUZ43EB","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ed3b7620959f8d10e29bfc5837877f0090b3a05e1c978bca2fc0d09facfd5b56","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2308.05576/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"What do language models (LMs) do with language? Everyone agrees that they can produce sequences of (mostly) coherent strings of English. But do those sentences mean something, or are LMs simply babbling in a convincing simulacrum of language use? Here we will address one aspect of this broad question: whether LMs' words can refer, that is, achieve \"word-to-world\" connections. There is prima facie reason to think they do not since LMs do not interact with the world in the way that ordinary language users do. Drawing on insights from the externalist tradition in philosophy of language, we argue ","authors_text":"Matthew Mandelkern, Tal Linzen","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-08-10T13:39:40Z","title":"Do Language Models' Words Refer?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2308.05576","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a66f20db3ddee01de86889bab2725a706e2cf6afb52295fd434b2b12b7c29b1b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"21e2eb8cd55139bc4743e49a0bd05a41a7af177ea002b372bc49677307f631d8","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2023-08-10T13:39:40Z","title_canon_sha256":"998b77732efb4712660217780a7a54d992d0353d6d826574be82ad1955ce8d75"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2308.05576","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"3e699e6c813de9002ce02d14938e7f92868ac9935b6c99715edeee46624e8815","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"3e699e6c813de9002ce02d14938e7f92868ac9935b6c99715edeee46624e8815","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31.165913Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31.165913Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"BzxY5c/acn8dVj9IV9TBLWu7/4lWTvPVHASLvshsZB8cdPe5YjyXDjqruvOQutLBTDmzULrTJABxKP3cArGGDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T07:51:31.166364Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2308.05576","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a66f20db3ddee01de86889bab2725a706e2cf6afb52295fd434b2b12b7c29b1b","sha256:ed3b7620959f8d10e29bfc5837877f0090b3a05e1c978bca2fc0d09facfd5b56"],"state_sha256":"2bfa2e5666ca00207a97734a993298f25d63d2c7e1f3979b01841d0899c34d6f"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"d4vlgQssewbN8qAMufLpA8P5GzZHFNhoJOexXniOsWX+wEEnY7G4X3YyFVjTr9hm1G2K3fpvu0Ri6oJnGN0qAw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-10T22:17:10.294136Z","bundle_sha256":"61811be042ab905f7fd37e1c408217460a6dd36859b7c0b7cc7e498031428206"}}