{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSMCOIULACE6U","short_pith_number":"pith:I2VRNJ2J","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2412.17692","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-12-23T16:17:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.DC"],"title_canon_sha256":"e9ea1eb75ec49b80daf73ce8f94941bd5ef38e323248dc66c5b944e3e85cb61a","abstract_canon_sha256":"aaec71890547136ef4ff67a42abadba7e42e2a0153a3667bc3a46fb9d49e3054"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"46ab16a749e111d2ce4c1391458044f5232827e8ed021840c352128657b32fca","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2412.17692","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2412.17692","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2412.17692v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2412.17692","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"I2VRNJ2J4EI5","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSM","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"I2VRNJ2J","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSMCOIULACE6U","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2412.17692","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-12-23T16:17:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.DC"],"title_canon_sha256":"e9ea1eb75ec49b80daf73ce8f94941bd5ef38e323248dc66c5b944e3e85cb61a","abstract_canon_sha256":"aaec71890547136ef4ff67a42abadba7e42e2a0153a3667bc3a46fb9d49e3054"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"46ab16a749e111d2ce4c1391458044f5232827e8ed021840c352128657b32fca","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15.627988Z","signature_b64":"PC2JfCJ8qXvujGQATmdRt9aGzj5h2B3gHvbkPpTzSju4BhLHhPOriOHZOQbOvg3NkgPZ3N5pbNSWeqtmitcPCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"46ab16a749e111d2ce4c1391458044f5232827e8ed021840c352128657b32fca","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15.627470Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15.627470Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2412.17692","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9QTiBBI+ufrt1lj77DGPQ89R+wUiL9QIFsHIucZjLefYmfIK9KVKpzFQug115yCMEsoqg8Ct5rFbe+VJEW68Cw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T15:12:50.822912Z"},"content_sha256":"b04eee5c3f69824e10b01145e04fd42ef583a2ef3931329f075c32f7baea9b1b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b04eee5c3f69824e10b01145e04fd42ef583a2ef3931329f075c32f7baea9b1b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSMCOIULACE6U","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"FedTLU: Federated Learning with Targeted Layer Updates","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.DC"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Carlee Joe-Wong, Jong-Ik Park","submitted_at":"2024-12-23T16:17:46Z","abstract_excerpt":"Federated learning (FL) addresses privacy concerns in training language models by enabling multiple clients to contribute to the training, without sending their data to others. However, non-IID (identically and independently distributed) data across clients often limits FL's performance. This issue is especially challenging during model fine-tuning, as noise due to variations in clients' data distributions can harm model convergence near stationary points. This paper proposes a targeted layer update strategy for fine-tuning in FL. Instead of randomly updating layers of the language model, as o"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2412.17692","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2412.17692/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"v/jlG8lQXaIGYi2fBcPOJyOtaWgctSlVUKSLKjWXwZPVZCfpV5z+3Y5bwxS7tBpImq0/VnaUiZd4l7Aqo4aYDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T15:12:50.823458Z"},"content_sha256":"5f0ee5d33b1ec29e656783c5bd799cc80f8dc8ad2cb5f727050cee691a54edff","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5f0ee5d33b1ec29e656783c5bd799cc80f8dc8ad2cb5f727050cee691a54edff"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSMCOIULACE6U/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSMCOIULACE6U/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSMCOIULACE6U/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-21T15:12:50Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSMCOIULACE6U","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSMCOIULACE6U/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSMCOIULACE6U/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSMCOIULACE6U/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSMCOIULACE6U","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"aaec71890547136ef4ff67a42abadba7e42e2a0153a3667bc3a46fb9d49e3054","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.DC"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-12-23T16:17:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"e9ea1eb75ec49b80daf73ce8f94941bd5ef38e323248dc66c5b944e3e85cb61a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2412.17692","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2412.17692","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2412.17692v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2412.17692","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"I2VRNJ2J4EI5","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"I2VRNJ2J4EI5FTSM","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"I2VRNJ2J","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:5f0ee5d33b1ec29e656783c5bd799cc80f8dc8ad2cb5f727050cee691a54edff","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2412.17692/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Federated learning (FL) addresses privacy concerns in training language models by enabling multiple clients to contribute to the training, without sending their data to others. However, non-IID (identically and independently distributed) data across clients often limits FL's performance. This issue is especially challenging during model fine-tuning, as noise due to variations in clients' data distributions can harm model convergence near stationary points. This paper proposes a targeted layer update strategy for fine-tuning in FL. Instead of randomly updating layers of the language model, as o","authors_text":"Carlee Joe-Wong, Jong-Ik Park","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.DC"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-12-23T16:17:46Z","title":"FedTLU: Federated Learning with Targeted Layer Updates"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2412.17692","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b04eee5c3f69824e10b01145e04fd42ef583a2ef3931329f075c32f7baea9b1b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"aaec71890547136ef4ff67a42abadba7e42e2a0153a3667bc3a46fb9d49e3054","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.DC"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2024-12-23T16:17:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"e9ea1eb75ec49b80daf73ce8f94941bd5ef38e323248dc66c5b944e3e85cb61a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2412.17692","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"46ab16a749e111d2ce4c1391458044f5232827e8ed021840c352128657b32fca","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"46ab16a749e111d2ce4c1391458044f5232827e8ed021840c352128657b32fca","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15.627470Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15.627470Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"PC2JfCJ8qXvujGQATmdRt9aGzj5h2B3gHvbkPpTzSju4BhLHhPOriOHZOQbOvg3NkgPZ3N5pbNSWeqtmitcPCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:05:15.627988Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2412.17692","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b04eee5c3f69824e10b01145e04fd42ef583a2ef3931329f075c32f7baea9b1b","sha256:5f0ee5d33b1ec29e656783c5bd799cc80f8dc8ad2cb5f727050cee691a54edff"],"state_sha256":"0bbc562a0a67b39d4ffaf013fcf88824ac2aa3c06c3b3102a2a9d8eb795ef436"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OjzXjw3FrNOzAerRIQw2fkquj8r6wPgZEh2VwzOq6oHPuYWNyMommphbqHODIq25y6Z7QyohhdMY5a+HUa/qBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-21T15:12:50.828140Z","bundle_sha256":"a2bbdac95ddc8b4459a605b045de87a8fe669ad16cdb16bbf852dd8c47c28a54"}}