{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A3QMW67JNZD","short_pith_number":"pith:IDQYETSC","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1507.05499","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2015-07-20T13:58:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"1ff7394fbe6058e1b3586de142725eab6e923521c7e15b04162f670df357e8b1","abstract_canon_sha256":"161e0ae0362658a899a574da775531cc1a4c0706c9297f6737fea592dcb66c04"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"40e1824e4292651f8bc0dc196f7d2dc8c6ffc364fb449150063b9fb2d7d56088","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1507.05499","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1507.05499","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1507.05499v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1507.05499","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"IDQYETSCSJSR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"IDQYETSC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:25Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A3QMW67JNZD","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1507.05499","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2015-07-20T13:58:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"1ff7394fbe6058e1b3586de142725eab6e923521c7e15b04162f670df357e8b1","abstract_canon_sha256":"161e0ae0362658a899a574da775531cc1a4c0706c9297f6737fea592dcb66c04"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"40e1824e4292651f8bc0dc196f7d2dc8c6ffc364fb449150063b9fb2d7d56088","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42.403907Z","signature_b64":"5ehPIunSWOOfu36xF/55UrdP8RunHXJ2elG0yVK7ZkrMuqZbhPWY1dJdGDmOtQFEbfROKk+b/aDj2k1mORATBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"40e1824e4292651f8bc0dc196f7d2dc8c6ffc364fb449150063b9fb2d7d56088","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42.400741Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42.400741Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1507.05499","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"0IGTZQU+tCYYRI8Vs3gEl6R/Q+l6xziT5weug1QPYM1I13lC65mhIBiZhF+OUyJ+I/hBbofdkZxWOHkIit3VAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T00:57:16.964510Z"},"content_sha256":"9c3757c989f36fc5a9f9f7b62373849399f7aacf3ccfab480f6129bcb63b262a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9c3757c989f36fc5a9f9f7b62373849399f7aacf3ccfab480f6129bcb63b262a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2015:IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A3QMW67JNZD","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Toroidal vortices and the conglomeration of dust into rings in protoplanetary discs","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","authors_text":"Matthew R. Bate, Pablo Loren-Aguilar","submitted_at":"2015-07-20T13:58:56Z","abstract_excerpt":"We identify a new hydrodynamical instability in protoplanetary discs that may arise due to variations in the dust-to-gas ratio and may lead to concentration of dust grains within a disc. The instability can arise due to dust settling, which produces a vertical compositional entropy gradient. The entropy gradient drives a baroclinic instability that is capable of creating toroidal gas vortices that gather dust into rings. Such dust rings are potentially observable via continuum emission of the dust or scattered light. Indeed, this instability may offer an explanation for the rings recently obse"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1507.05499","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ll0FTykT41hTvLjBdozecp30OYimVoEvdfijsH2YGxSmAxNrBdzvSRbsWbC6usaLOya5ie7uIUocoPxpL/k2DA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T00:57:16.964852Z"},"content_sha256":"228b237c52e9f5d609e0cf85a822477f3d73826cad2af1e953d4d1e9bb9c51fb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:228b237c52e9f5d609e0cf85a822477f3d73826cad2af1e953d4d1e9bb9c51fb"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A3QMW67JNZD/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A3QMW67JNZD/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A3QMW67JNZD/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-28T00:57:16Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A3QMW67JNZD","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A3QMW67JNZD/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A3QMW67JNZD/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A3QMW67JNZD/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2015:IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A3QMW67JNZD","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"161e0ae0362658a899a574da775531cc1a4c0706c9297f6737fea592dcb66c04","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2015-07-20T13:58:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"1ff7394fbe6058e1b3586de142725eab6e923521c7e15b04162f670df357e8b1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1507.05499","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1507.05499","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1507.05499v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1507.05499","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"IDQYETSCSJSR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"IDQYETSCSJSR7C6A","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"IDQYETSC","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:29:25Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:228b237c52e9f5d609e0cf85a822477f3d73826cad2af1e953d4d1e9bb9c51fb","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We identify a new hydrodynamical instability in protoplanetary discs that may arise due to variations in the dust-to-gas ratio and may lead to concentration of dust grains within a disc. The instability can arise due to dust settling, which produces a vertical compositional entropy gradient. The entropy gradient drives a baroclinic instability that is capable of creating toroidal gas vortices that gather dust into rings. Such dust rings are potentially observable via continuum emission of the dust or scattered light. Indeed, this instability may offer an explanation for the rings recently obse","authors_text":"Matthew R. Bate, Pablo Loren-Aguilar","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2015-07-20T13:58:56Z","title":"Toroidal vortices and the conglomeration of dust into rings in protoplanetary discs"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1507.05499","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9c3757c989f36fc5a9f9f7b62373849399f7aacf3ccfab480f6129bcb63b262a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"161e0ae0362658a899a574da775531cc1a4c0706c9297f6737fea592dcb66c04","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.EP","submitted_at":"2015-07-20T13:58:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"1ff7394fbe6058e1b3586de142725eab6e923521c7e15b04162f670df357e8b1"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1507.05499","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"40e1824e4292651f8bc0dc196f7d2dc8c6ffc364fb449150063b9fb2d7d56088","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"40e1824e4292651f8bc0dc196f7d2dc8c6ffc364fb449150063b9fb2d7d56088","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42.400741Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42.400741Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"5ehPIunSWOOfu36xF/55UrdP8RunHXJ2elG0yVK7ZkrMuqZbhPWY1dJdGDmOtQFEbfROKk+b/aDj2k1mORATBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:33:42.403907Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1507.05499","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9c3757c989f36fc5a9f9f7b62373849399f7aacf3ccfab480f6129bcb63b262a","sha256:228b237c52e9f5d609e0cf85a822477f3d73826cad2af1e953d4d1e9bb9c51fb"],"state_sha256":"0e1a12747da8c7439300dc756bd43f81307a1a10e316979d5daac492b0cd3cdb"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mZ+pZq8bwzueYVyEXeDUl1leLl0VpQomkI4AVm04aF7cbpGctLTdBnN/3buaYdl8BfnCO7oiLiHjbO8EezruDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-28T00:57:16.966766Z","bundle_sha256":"a6a5dcca4351269c6631ff5218b418c6b8c9809034de624995f5681084bf6dad"}}