{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ6XBUBIB552","short_pith_number":"pith:INQ74IUD","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2310.15117","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-10-23T17:23:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"2a0b6575a242f43e602f1dbb109b52de2ff852eaa1bc07ba3e08bf84a42e0d5e","abstract_canon_sha256":"d5bd7486131a4007b66073737730af769293cd7320c1b252c9152fb9c0ae6046"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4361fe2283ed077d7dd0f5c340a03deeb8b5a8ae31cbfacae24350994f4c5670","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2310.15117","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2310.15117","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2310.15117v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2310.15117","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"INQ74IUD5UDX","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"INQ74IUD","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ6XBUBIB552","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2310.15117","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-10-23T17:23:56Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"title_canon_sha256":"2a0b6575a242f43e602f1dbb109b52de2ff852eaa1bc07ba3e08bf84a42e0d5e","abstract_canon_sha256":"d5bd7486131a4007b66073737730af769293cd7320c1b252c9152fb9c0ae6046"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"4361fe2283ed077d7dd0f5c340a03deeb8b5a8ae31cbfacae24350994f4c5670","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50.250036Z","signature_b64":"YF1+7uOFbFYm9v9WkfXT/Dg/RMrErsE52xI5hhqWwHNOCYBqnodqdNtwA3AJrK7HShlv9oMeMIpjQ5op5OKuDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"4361fe2283ed077d7dd0f5c340a03deeb8b5a8ae31cbfacae24350994f4c5670","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50.249562Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50.249562Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2310.15117","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"NIGsRRJ0necxFnoNG2XO59E20WsV3E4L4D+bZAKKqwuTjS/Y9YGEwrXFTXX+Bh6OP700eh5U2KCCrPAHeWUcAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-13T17:43:12.100625Z"},"content_sha256":"9af253f25a480ac9747b7d1a61be5624a4d85aa04c6d39c8514dbe6cc29aad5c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9af253f25a480ac9747b7d1a61be5624a4d85aa04c6d39c8514dbe6cc29aad5c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ6XBUBIB552","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Causal Order: The Key to Leveraging Imperfect Experts in Causal Inference","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL"],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy, Abhinav Kumar, Amit Sharma, Aniket Vashishtha, Saketh Bachu, Vineeth N Balasubramanian","submitted_at":"2023-10-23T17:23:56Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used as experts to infer causal graphs, often by repeatedly applying a pairwise prompt that asks about the causal relationship of each variable pair. However, such experts, including human domain experts, cannot distinguish between direct and indirect effects given a pairwise prompt. Therefore, instead of the graph, we propose that causal order be used as a more stable output interface for utilizing expert knowledge. Even when querying a perfect expert with a pairwise prompt, we show that the inferred graph can have significant errors whereas the causal o"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2310.15117","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2310.15117/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"OpDFpYBpvjjWL4ph+pRh7wCixhuLsHXeN14Ba5AkEK/4DlcvmWsZz1vEgZdydcHHYZOYjSjNlY3JLn977zAADw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-13T17:43:12.101674Z"},"content_sha256":"0c96609af21e2eb619d15a6255ccdecd8f37c64b1b9667c8033595bcb580ac91","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0c96609af21e2eb619d15a6255ccdecd8f37c64b1b9667c8033595bcb580ac91"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ6XBUBIB552/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ6XBUBIB552/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ6XBUBIB552/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-13T17:43:12Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ6XBUBIB552","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ6XBUBIB552/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ6XBUBIB552/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ6XBUBIB552/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ6XBUBIB552","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d5bd7486131a4007b66073737730af769293cd7320c1b252c9152fb9c0ae6046","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-10-23T17:23:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"2a0b6575a242f43e602f1dbb109b52de2ff852eaa1bc07ba3e08bf84a42e0d5e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2310.15117","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2310.15117","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2310.15117v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2310.15117","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"INQ74IUD5UDX","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"INQ74IUD5UDX27OQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"INQ74IUD","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0c96609af21e2eb619d15a6255ccdecd8f37c64b1b9667c8033595bcb580ac91","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2310.15117/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used as experts to infer causal graphs, often by repeatedly applying a pairwise prompt that asks about the causal relationship of each variable pair. However, such experts, including human domain experts, cannot distinguish between direct and indirect effects given a pairwise prompt. Therefore, instead of the graph, we propose that causal order be used as a more stable output interface for utilizing expert knowledge. Even when querying a perfect expert with a pairwise prompt, we show that the inferred graph can have significant errors whereas the causal o","authors_text":"Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy, Abhinav Kumar, Amit Sharma, Aniket Vashishtha, Saketh Bachu, Vineeth N Balasubramanian","cross_cats":["cs.CL"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-10-23T17:23:56Z","title":"Causal Order: The Key to Leveraging Imperfect Experts in Causal Inference"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2310.15117","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9af253f25a480ac9747b7d1a61be5624a4d85aa04c6d39c8514dbe6cc29aad5c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d5bd7486131a4007b66073737730af769293cd7320c1b252c9152fb9c0ae6046","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-10-23T17:23:56Z","title_canon_sha256":"2a0b6575a242f43e602f1dbb109b52de2ff852eaa1bc07ba3e08bf84a42e0d5e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2310.15117","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"4361fe2283ed077d7dd0f5c340a03deeb8b5a8ae31cbfacae24350994f4c5670","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"4361fe2283ed077d7dd0f5c340a03deeb8b5a8ae31cbfacae24350994f4c5670","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50.249562Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50.249562Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"YF1+7uOFbFYm9v9WkfXT/Dg/RMrErsE52xI5hhqWwHNOCYBqnodqdNtwA3AJrK7HShlv9oMeMIpjQ5op5OKuDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T10:45:50.250036Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2310.15117","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9af253f25a480ac9747b7d1a61be5624a4d85aa04c6d39c8514dbe6cc29aad5c","sha256:0c96609af21e2eb619d15a6255ccdecd8f37c64b1b9667c8033595bcb580ac91"],"state_sha256":"663a4cb058a12da4be59f888344028ae9ce2ea9e5a9172d1de908900e0733479"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"778CWigoPo+VkAUdgJflv4HaXBRylIJ39/7euRiisXZ8vKWfjhZ0wFm8yAVXXJTfSx+0RXGINN7pZpUyoi+HDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-13T17:43:12.107199Z","bundle_sha256":"75cc5dd2a5626ee4bad00efd2228e2bfab5854116d406d3b36e1b009c16f1d9c"}}